Introduction to Fluid Power

1 An Introduction to Fluid Power 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hydraulics vs. Pneumatics 1.3 Standards 1.4 Applications 1.5 The Fluid Power Industry 1.6 Units 1.7 Review Questions 2 Basic Principles of Hydraulics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pascal''s Law 2.3 Transmission & Multiplication of Force 2.4 Basic Properties of Hydraulic Fluids 2.4.1 Mass vs. Weight 2.4.2 Density, Specific Weight & Specific Gravity 2.4.3 Viscosity 2.4.4 Bulk Modulus 2.5 Liquid Flow 2.5.1 Flow Rate vs. Flow Velocity 2.5.2 The Continuity Equation 2.5.3 Bernoulli''s Equation 2.5.4 Torricelli''s Theorem 2.5.5 Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow 2.6 Static Head Pressure 2.7 Pressure Losses 2.8 Power 2.9 Hydraulic Systems 2.10 Equations 2.11 Review Questions & Problems 3 Hydraulic Pumps 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pump Flow & Pressure 3.3 Pump Drive Torque & Power 3.4 Pump Efficiency 3.5 Pump Types 3.5.1 Piston Pumps 3.5.2 Gear Pumps 3.5.3 Vane Pumps 3.6 Pressure Compensated Pumps 3.7 Cavitation and Aeration 3.8 Graphic Symbols 3.9 Pump Specifications 3.9.1 Displacement, Flow rate and Drive Speed 3.9.2 Pressure 3.9.3 Efficiency 3.9.4 Fluids 3.9.5 Filtration 3.9.6 Physical Dimensions 3.9.7 Noise Level 3.9.8 Shaft Rotation 3.9.9 Inlet Pressure 3.10 Equations 3.11 Review Questions & Problems 4 Hydraulic Cylinders 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cylinder Force 4.3 Cylinder Speed 4.4 Cylinder Power 4.5 Differential Flow 4.6 Cylinder Types 4.7 Graphic Symbols 4.8 Cylinder Applications 4.9 Cylinder Specifications 4.9.1 Size 4.9.2 Mounting Styles 4.9.3 Other Specifications 4.10 Equations 4.11 Review Questions & Problems 5 Hydraulic Motors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Motor Types 5.3 Motor Torque 5.4 Motor Speed 5.5 Motor Power 5.6 Motor Efficiency 5.7 Graphic Symbols 5.8 Motor Applications 5.9 Motor Specifications 5.9.1 Motor Size & Physical Dimensions 5.9.2 Motor Performance 5.9.3 Speed and Pressure Ratings 5.9.4 Fluids 5.9.5 Filtration 5.10 Equations 5.11 Review Questions & Problems 6 Hydraulic Directional Control 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Check Valves 6.3 Shuttle Valves 6.4 Two-Way Directional Control Valves 6.5 Three-Way Directional Control Valves 6.6 Four-Way Directional Control Valves 6.7 Directional Control Valve Actuation 6.8 Circuits 6.9 Directional Control Valve Mounting 6.10 Directional Control Valve Specifications 6.11 Equations 6.12 Review Questions & Problems 7 Hydraulic Pressure Control 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pressure Relief Valves 7.3 Unloading Valves 7.4 Pressure Reducing Valves 7.5 Sequence Valves 7.6 Counterbalance Valves 7.7 Brake Valves 7.8 Pressure Compensated Pumps 7.9 Pressure Control Valve Mounting 7.10 Pressure Control Valve Specifications 7.11 Review Questions & Problems 8 Hydraulic Flow Control 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Flow Control Valve Types 8.3 Flow Coefficient 8.4 Circuits 8.5 Cushioned Cylinders 8.6 Flow Dividers 8.7 Flow Control Valve Specifications 8.8 Equations 8.9 Review Questions & Problems 9 Ancillary Hydraulic Components 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Accumulators 9.3 Intensifiers 9.4 Reservoirs 9.5 Heat Exchangers 9.6 Filters 9.7 Instrumentation & Measurement 9.7.1 Pressure Gauges 9.7.2 Flow Meters 9.7.3 Temperature Gauges 9.8 Conduits & Fittings 9.8.1 Pipe 9.8.2 Tubing 9.8.3 Hose 9.9 Seals & Bearings 9.10 Hydraulic Fluids 9.11 Equations 9.12 Review Questions & Problems 10 Basic Principals of Pneumatics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Absolute Pressure & Temperature 10.3 Gas Laws 10.4 Gas Flow 10.5 Vacuum 10.6 Pneumatic Systems 10.7 Equations 10.8 Review Questions & Problems 11 Pneumatic Power Supply 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Compressor Types 11.3 Compressor Sizing 11.4 Vacuum Pumps 11.5 Equations 11.6 Review Questions & Problems 12 Pneumatic Components 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pneumatic Cylinders 12.3 Pneumatic Motors 12.4 Other Pneumatic Actuators 12.5 Pneumatic Directional Control Valves 12.6 Pneumatic Flow Control Valves 12.7 Air Preparation 12.7.1 Pressure Relief Valves 12.7.2 Pressure Regulators 12.7.3 Filters 12.7.4 Lubricators 12.7.5 Combined Conditioning units 12.7.6 Water Removal 12.8