Introducing Philosophy

*=New to this Edition

Philosopher Biographies Preface History of Philosophy

INTRODUCTION A. Socrates Aristophanes, from The Clouds Plato, from Apology Plato, from Crito Plato, from Phaedo Plato, from Republic B. What Is Philosophy? Plato, from the Apology Karl Jaspers, from "The 'Axial Period'" Laozi, from Dao De Jing C. A Modern Approach to Philosophy René Descartes, from Discourse on Method D. A Brief Discourse on Method

PART ONE. THE WORLD AND BEYOND CHAPTER 1. REALITY A. "The Way the World Really Is" Aristotle, from Metaphysics B. The First Greek Philosophers C. Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China From Upanishads From Zend-Avesta From the Confucian Analects Laozi, from Dao De Jing Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" D. Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and Aristotle Plato, from Symposium Plato, from Republic Plato, from Meno Aristotle, Metaphysics Aristotle, from Physics Aristotle, from Metaphysics E. Modern Metaphysics René Descartes, on Substance René Descartes, from "Meditation VI" John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Benedictus de Spinoza, from Ethics Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from Monadology Summary and Conclusion

CHAPTER 2. RELIGION A. What Is Religion? John Wisdom, from "Gods" Albert Einstein, on the Design of the Universe Keiji Nishitani, from "What Is Religion?" B. The Western Religions C. An Eastern Practice: Confucianism * Xinzhong Yao, "The Way of Confucianism" D. Proving God: The Ontological Argument St. Anselm, on the Ontological Argument René Descartes, on the Ontological Argument Immanuel Kant, Against the Ontological Argument E. God as Creator: Intelligence and Design St. Thomas Aquinas, Five Arguments for the Existence of God William Paley, "The Watch and the Watchmaker" David Hume, from Dialogues on Natural Religion Cory Juhl, "On the 'Fine-Tuning' Argument" F. Religion, Morality, and Evil Immanuel Kant, On God and Morality Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers Karamazov William James, from "The Will to Believe" St. Augustine, from Confessions From the Bhagavadgita G. Beyond Reason: Faith and Irrationality Mohammad al-Ghazali, from The Deliverance from Error Søren Kierkegaard, on Subjective Truth Paul Tillich, on the Ultimate Concern H. Doubts about God and Religion Karl Marx, from "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" Friedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Antichrist Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Gay Science Sigmund Freud, from The Future of an Illusion * Alvin Plantinga, from Warranted Christian Belief * Robert C. Solomon, from Spirituality for the Skeptic Mary Daly, "The Qualitative Leap beyond Patriarchal Religion" * Kaibara Ekken and Mary Evelyn Tucker, from The Philosophy of Qi * Boshan, "Exhortation for Those Unable to Arouse Doubt" Summary and Conclusion

CHAPTER 3. TRUTH AND KNOWLEDGE A. What Is Truth? B. Theories of Truth Brand Blanshard, from The Nature of Thought William James, from Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking C. Distinguishing Reality from Appearance Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy D. The Rationalist's Confidence: Descartes René Descartes, from "Meditation I" René Descartes, from "Meditation II" René Descartes, from "Meditation VI" E. Innate Ideas Concerning Human Understanding: John Locke John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, from New Essays on Human Understanding F. Two Empiricist Theories of Knowledge John Locke, from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Bishop George Berkeley, from Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge G. The Congenial Skeptic: David Hume David Hume, from A Treatise of Human Nature David Hume, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding H. Kant's Revolution and the Issue of Relativism Immanuel Kant, from The Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant, from Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics I. The Analytic Turn Bertrand Russell, from The Problems of Philosophy W. V. O. Quine, from "Epistemology Naturalized" J. Feminist Epistemology Elizabeth Grosz, from On Feminist Knowledge Uma Narayan, from On Feminist Epistemology Summary and Conclusion

PART TWO. KNOW THYSELF CHAPTER 4. MIND AND BODY A. What Is Consciousness? René Descartes, from "Meditation VI" René Descartes, from "Meditation III" RenéDescartes, from "Meditation VI" B. The Problem of Dualism René Descartes, from "The Passions of the Soul" C. The Rejection of Dualism Gilbert Ryle, from The Concept of Mind J. J. C. Smart, from "Sensations and Brain Processes" Jerome Shaffer, Against the Identity Theory Paul M. Churchland, On Eliminative Materialism David Braddon-Mitchell and Frank Jackson, from Philosophy of Mind and Cognition John R. Searle, from "The Myth of the Computer" John R. Searle, from Minds, Brains, and Science D. The Problem of Consciousness Sigmund Freud, On the "Unconscious" Thomas Nagel, from Mortal Questions E. Changing Our Minds: Holism and Consciousness Aristotle, from De Anima Galen Strawson, On "Cognitive Experience" F. The Politics of the Mind-Body Problem Elizabeth V. Spelman, from "Woman as Body: Ancient and Contemporary Views" Summary and Conclusion

CHAPTER 5. SELF A. Consciousness and the Self: From Descartes to Kant René Descartes, from "Meditation VI" John Locke, On Personal Identity David Hume, On the Idea of the Self Immanuel Kant, Against the Soul as Substance Meredith Michaels, from "Personal Identity" Derek Parfit, from Reasons and Persons B. Existentialism: Self-Identity and the Responsibility of Choice Jean-Paul Sartre, from "Existentialism Is a Humanism" Jean-Paul Sartre, from No Exit * Simone de Beauvoir, from The Second Sex C. The Individual and the Community Søren Kierkegaard, On the Public Søren Kierkegaard, On Self and Passion David Reisman, On Individualism Malcolm X, On Being "African" Malcolm X, from "At the Audubon" Sherry Ortner, from "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" Ann Ferguson, On Androgyny Dierdre McClosky, from Crossing D. One Self? Any Self? Questioning the Concept of Personal "Essence" Hermann Hesse, from Steppenwolf Hermann Hesse, from Siddhartha Laozi, from Dao De Jing Summary and Conclusion

CHAPTER 6. FREEDOM A. Fatalism and Karma Keiji Nishitani, "On Fate" B. Predestination St. Augustine, from On Free Choice of the Will Muhammad Iqbal, from The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam Jacqueline Trimier, On the Yoruba Ori Jonathan Edwards, from "Freedom of the Will" C. Determinism Baron Paul Henri d'Holbach, from System of Nature Daniel Dennett, from Elbow Room Robert Kane, On Indeterminism John Stuart Mill, On Causation and Necessity David Hume, On Causation and Character Robert Kane, On "Wiggle Room" Harry Frankfurt, from "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person" D. Compulsion and Ignorance Aristotle, On Voluntary Action Judith Orr, "Sex, Ignorance, and Freedom" John Hospers, from "What Means This Freedom?" B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom Robert Kane, Beyond Skinner Anthony Burgess, from A Clockwork Orange Catherine MacKinnon, On Coercion of Women's Sexuality E. Freedom in Practice: Kant's Solution Summary and Conclusion

PART THREE. THE GOOD AND THE RIGHT CHAPTER 7. ETHICS A. Morality B. Is Morality Relative? Gilbert Harman, from "Moral Relativism Defended" St. Thomas Aquinas, from The Summa Theologica John Corvino, from Same Sex: Debating the Ethics, Science, and Culture of Homosexuality C. Egoism and Altruism Plato, from Republic Tara Smith, The Necessity of Egoism (Ayn Rand) D. Are We Naturally Selfish? A Debate Mencius, On Human Nature: Man Is Good Xunzi, from "Human Nature Is Evil" Joseph Butler, Against Egoism E. Morality as Virtue: Aristotle Aristotle, from The Nicomachean Ethics F. Morality and Sentiment: Hume and Rousseau David Hume, On "Reason as Slave of the Passions" Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from Émile G. Morality and Practical Reason: Kant Immanuel Kant, from Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals H. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham, from An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism I. The Creation of Morality: Nietzsche and Existentialism Friedrich Nietzsche, On Morality as Herd-Instinct Friedrich Nietzsche, On Master and Slave Morality Jean-Paul Sartre, from "Existentialism Is a Humanism" Simone de Beauvoir, from The Ethics of Ambiguity J. Ethics and Gender Virginia Held, On Feminist Ethics Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 8. Justice A. The Problem of Justice B. Two Ancient Theories of Justice: Plato and Aristotle Plato, from Republic Aristotle, from The Nicomachean Ethics C. Two Modern Theories of Justice: Hume and Mill on Utility and Rights David Hume, On "Justice and Utility" John Stuart Mill, from Utilitarianism D. The Social Contract Thomas Hobbes, from Leviathan Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from The Social Contract Thomas Jefferson et al., from The Declaration of Independence E. Fairness and Entitlement John Rawls, from "Justice as Fairness" Robert Nozick, from Anarchy, State, and Utopia F. Justice or Care: A Feminist Perspective Cheshire Calhoun, from "Justice, Care, Gender Bias" María Lugones, from "Playfulness, World-Traveling, and Loving Perception" G. Justice and the Emotions * Robert C. Solomon, "The Emotions as Justice" H. Individual Rights and Freedom John Locke, from The Second Treatise on Government John Stuart Mill, from On Liberty Malcom X, On Civil and Human Rights Amartya Sen, from "Property and Hunger" I. Fighting for Rights and Justice Henry David Thoreau, from "Resistance to Civil Government" ("Civil Disobedience") Martin Luther King, Jr., from "Letter from Birmingham Jail" Summary and Conclusion

Glossary Index