Introduction ix
Chapter 1. The United States 1
1.1. Information warfare in the 1990s 1
1.1.1. Points of view from security experts 1
1.1.2. US Air Force Doctrine: AFDD 2-5 (1998) 7
1.1.3. The doctrine of the Joint Chiefs of Staff committee: JP 3-13 (1998) 10
1.1.4. Components of information warfare 14
1.2. Information warfare in the 2000s 23
1.2.1. Dictionary of the Department of Defense 23
1.2.2. US Air Force: AFDD 2-5 (2005) and AFPD 10-7 (2006) 24
1.2.3. The doctrine of the Joint Chiefs of Staff committee: JP 3-13 (2006) 26
1.3. Information warfare in the 2010s 28
1.4. Important concepts and reflections 43
1.4.1. Information operations 44
1.4.2. Information superiority 51
1.4.3. The “value” of information 62
1.4.4. Information system 65
1.4.5. Command and control warfare: C2W 66
1.4.6. Effect-based operations (EBOs) 68
1.4.7. The OODA loop 69
1.4.8. RMA 70
1.4.9. C4ISR 72
1.4.10. Network centric warfare (NCW) 73
1.4.11. ISR: intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance 74
1.4.12. Cyberwar 75
1.4.13. Netwar 89
Chapter 2. China 91
2.1. Significant publications 91
2.2. Strategic and doctrinal thinking about information warfare. Genesis 96
2.2.1. General Wang Pufeng: one of the pioneers 97
2.2.2. Wang Baocun and Li Fei 100
2.2.3. Wei Jincheng 104
2.2.4. Colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui: unrestricted warfare 105
2.2.5. General Dai Qingmin and Wang Baocun 111
2.2.6. General Niu Li, Colonel Li Jiangzhou and Major Xu Dehui 114
2.2.7. 2004 White Paper on national defense 115
2.3. Recent policies and strategies on information and cyber security 117
2.3.1. The Science of Military Strategy 2013 118
2.3.2. Defense White Paper 2013 118
2.3.3 Sino-Russian cybersecurity agreement 2015 119
2.3.4. PLA Daily editorial on 20 May 2015 121
2.3.5. Defense White Paper of 26 May 2015 122
2.3.6. The national cybersecurity bill of July 2015 125
2.4. Reflections 125
2.4.1. The American perspective on Chinese information warfare, modernization and informatization of the PLA 125
2.4.2. Evolution of analyses and discourse about Chinese strategy 163
2.4.3. China as a “victim” 172
2.4.4. The strategy of active defense 173
Chapter 3. Russia 177
3.1. Military doctrines and national security strategies 180
3.2. Information warfare in practice 185
3.2.1. Cyber attacks against Estonia. Who is the culprit? 186
3.2.2. The Russia–Georgia conflict 194
3.2.3. Ukraine 214
3.3. Comments 220
3.3.1. Characteristics of the Russian idea of information warfare 220
3.3.2. Aggressiveness 222
3.3.3. Type of Cold War 223
3.3.4. Challenges, objectives and targets 224
3.3.5. Psychological information warfare 229
3.3.6. Players of information warfare 233
3.3.7. Hybrid warfare and information warfare 236
3.3.8. Information warfare: what is new… 240
Chapter 4. Concepts and Theories: Discussions 247
4.1. Doctrines 247
4.2. Information warfare: definitions, models 256
4.2.1. The information environment 257
4.2.2. Definitions and models for information warfare 261
4.3. Information warfare or data warfare? 281
4.3.1. Defining data 284
4.3.2. Some theories about data 289
4.3.3. Visualization 296
4.3.4. Data warfare? 306
Conclusion 325
Index 329
