Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction to the Theory of Information 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition and Properties of Information 2
1.3 Principles of Boolean Algebra 4
1.4 Digital Information Processing and Logic Gates 7
1.4.1 Simple Logic Gates 7
1.4.2 Concatenated Logic Circuits 10
1.4.3 Sequential Logic Circuits 11
1.5 Ternary and Higher Logic Calculi 14
1.6 Irreversible vs Reversible Logic 16
1.7 Quantum Logic 18
References 20
2 Physical and Technological Limits of Classical Electronics
23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Fundamental Limitations of Information Processing 24
2.3 Technological Limits of Miniaturization 27
References 34
3 Changing the Paradigm: Towards Computation with Molecules
37
References 53
4 Low-Dimensional Metals and Semiconductors 63
4.1 Dimensionality and Morphology of Nanostructures 63
4.2 Electrical and Optical Properties of Nanoobjects and
Nanostructures 70
4.2.1 Metals 70
4.2.2 Semiconductors 84
4.3 Molecular Scale Engineering of Semiconducting Surfaces
96
4.3.1 Semiconductor?Molecule Interactions 100
4.3.2 Electronic Coupling between Semiconducting Surfaces and
Adsorbates 103
References 109
5 Carbon Nanostructures 119
5.1 Nanoforms of Carbon 119
5.2 Electronic Structure and Properties of Graphene 120
5.3 Carbon Nanotubes 129
5.4 Conjugated and Polyaromatic Systems 139
5.5 Nanocarbon and Organic Semiconductor Devices 149
References 156
6 Photoelectrochemical Photocurrent Switching and Related
Phenomena 165
6.1 Photocurrent Generation and Switching in Neat Semiconductors
165
6.2 Photocurrent Switching in MIM Organic Devices 168
6.3 Photocurrent Switching in Semiconducting Composites 178
6.4 Photocurrent Switching in Surface-Modified Semiconductors
181
References 192
7 Self-Organization and Self-Assembly in Supramolecular
Systems 199
7.1 Supramolecular Assembly: Towards Molecular Devices 199
7.2 Self-Assembled Semiconducting Structures 201
7.3 Self-Assembly at Solid Interfaces 210
7.4 Controlling Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles 212
7.5 Self-Assembly and Molecular Electronics 215
References 219
8 Molecular-Scale Electronics 225
8.1 Electron Transfer and Molecular Junctions 225
8.2 Nanoscale Electromagnetism 232
8.3 Molecular Rectifiers 238
References 246
9 Molecular Logic Gates 249
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 Chemically Driven Logic Gates 249
9.2.1 OR Gates 252
9.2.2 AND Gates 255
9.2.3 XOR Gates 267
9.2.4 INH Gates 272
9.2.5 IMP Gates 281
9.2.6 Inverted Logic Gates (NOR, NAND, XNOR) 283
9.2.7 Behind Classical Boolean Scheme-Ternary Logic and Feynman
Gate 289
9.3 All-Optical Logic Gates 298
9.4 Electrochemical Logic Systems 307
References 315
10 Molecular Computing Systems 323
10.1 Introduction 323
10.2 Reconfigurable and Superimposed Molecular Logic Devices
323
10.3 Concatenated Chemical Logic Systems 337
10.4 Molecular-Scale Digital Communication 353
10.4.1 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 354
10.4.2 Encoders and Decoders 355
10.4.3 Molecular-Scale Signal Amplification 359
10.5 Molecular Arithmetics: Adders and Subtractors 363
10.5.1 Molecular-Scale Half-Adders 363
10.5.2 Molecular-Scale Half-Subtractors 372
10.5.3 Half-Adders/Half-Subtractors 381
10.5.4 Full Adders and Full Subtractors: Towards Molecular
Processors 382
10.6 Molecular-Scale Security Systems 386
10.7 Noise and Error Propagation in Concatenated Systems 396
References 398
11 Bioinspired and Biomimetic Logic Devices 405
11.1 Information Processing in Natural Systems 405
11.2 Protein-Based Digital Systems 408
11.2.1 Enzymes as Information Processing Molecules 409
11.2.2 Enzymes as Information Carriers 428
11.3 Binary Logic Devices based on Nucleic Acids 430
11.4 Logic Devices Based on Whole Organisms 445
References 450
12 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects 457
References 458
Index 461
