Immunologic Defects in Laboratory Animals 2

VII. Complex Defects.- 1 Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Obese-Strain Chickens.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Serology and Thyroid Pathology.- 3. Defects in the Thyroid Gland May Be a Predisposing Factor in the Autoimmune Thyroiditis of OS Chickens.- 4. Evidence for an Abnormal Immunologic System.- 5. Relationship between the Major Histocompatibility Complex (B) and Autoimmune Thyroiditis.- 6. Summary.- References.- 2 Lethargic Mice.- 1. Description of the Mutant and Its Neurologic Symptoms.- 1.1. Physical Appearance.- 1.2. Growth and Body Weight.- 1.3. Mortality.- 1.4. Body Temperature and Its Relation to Cold Exposure.- 1.5. Stress Susceptibility.- 1.6. Fertility and Sexual Maturity.- 1.7. Neurologic Abnormalities of the Mutant.- 2. Light Microscopic Studies.- 2.1. The Submaxillary Gland.- 2.2. The Adrenal Gland.- 2.3. The Urinary System.- 2.4. The Reproductive Organs.- 2.5. The Liver and Gallbladder.- 2.6. The Skin.- 3. Electrophysiologic Studies on Peripheral Nerves.- 4. Pathologic Changes in Lymphoid Organs.- 4.1. Organ Weight Studies.- 4.2. Hematologic Studies.- 4.3. Morphologic Studies.- 5. Deficiencies in Cellular Immunity.- 5.1. Skin Transplantation.- 5.2. Graft-versus-Host Reaction.- 6. Humoral Immunity.- 6.1. Serum Immunoglobulins.- 6.2. Serum Electrophoresis.- 7. Lymphocyte Kinetics by Autoradiography.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Immunologic and Genetic Aspects of Aleutian Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Genetics.- 1.2. Clinical Manifestations.- 1.3. Diagnosis.- 2. Pathology.- 3. Aleutian Disease Virus.- 3.1. Etiology.- 3.2. In Vivo Viral Replication.- 3.3. In Vitro Viral Replication.- 3.4. Physicochemical Characteristics.- 4. Immune Response of Normal and Aleutian Disease-Affected Mink.- 4.1. Immunoglobulins of Normal Mink.- 4.2. Immune Response of Normal Mink.- 4.3. Immunoglobulins of AD-Affected Mink.- 4.4. Immune Response of AD-Affected Mink.- 4.5. Unanswered Questions.- 5. Genetic Effects on Aleutian Disease.- 5.1. Host Effects.- 5.2. Persistent and Nonpersistent Infections.- 5.3. Unanswered Questions.- 6. Pathogenesis.- 6.1. Vasculitis and Glomerulitis.- 6.2. Ilypergammaglobulinemia.- 6.3. Unanswered Questions.- 7. Summary.- References.- 4 The Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity in New Zealand Mice.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Natural Life History and Pathology of NZ Mice.- 2.1. The NZB Strain.- 2.2. (NZB x NZW)F1 (B/W) Hybrids.- 3. Autoantibody Production.- 3.1. Antierythrocyte Autoantibodies.- 3.2. Antinuclear Autoantibodies.- 3.3. Natural Thymocytotoxic Autoantibody.- 3.4. Other Autoantibodies.- 4. Genetic Factors.- 5. Viral Factors.- 6. Immunologic Manipulations.- 6.1. Thymectomy.- 6.2. Splenectomy.- 6.3. Transfer of Aittoimmune Disease.- 7. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and T-Cell Subsets.- 8. Humoral Immune Responses and B-Cell Subsets.- 9. Pathogenesis.- 10. Modifiers of Disease.- 11. Summary.- References.- 5 Hemopoietic Abnormalities in New Zealand Black and Motheaten Mice.- 1. Introduction.- 2. New Zealand Black Mice.- 2.1. Stem-Cell Abnormalities.- 2.2. Myeloid Progenitor-Cell Abnormalities.- 2.3. B-Lymphocyte Abnormalities.- 3. Motheaten Mice.- 3.1. Genetics and Pathology.- 3.2. B-Lymphocyte Abnormalities.- 3.3. T-Lymphocyte Abnormalities.- 3.4. Nonlymphoid Cell Abnormalities.- 4. Synthesis and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Lymphoproliferation (lpr) and Other Single-Locus Models for Murine Lupus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of MRL Substrains.- 3. Genetics.- 3.1. Autosomal Recessive Gene, lpr.- 3.2. MRL Substrains.- 3.3. Other Congenic Inbred Strains with lpr.- 4. Clinical Features.- 4.1. Longevity.- 4.2. Lymphoproliferation.- 4.3. Swollen Feet.- 5. Pathology.- 5.1. Lymph Nodes.- 5.2. Thymus.- 5.3. Kidney.- 5.4. Vascular System.- 5.5. Lungs.- 5.6. Joints.- 6. Serum Factors.- 6.1. Serum Proteins.- 6.2. Autoantibodies.- 6.3. Complement.- 6.4. Immune Complexes.- 7. Immunologic Mechanisms.- 7.1. B-Cell Frequency and Markers.- 7.2. T-Cell Frequency and Markers.- 7.3. Immunocompetency of B Cells.- 7.4. Immunocompetency of T Cells.- 7.5. Natural Killer Cells.- 7.6. Adherent Cells.- 8. Viral Studies.- 8.1. Endogenous Retroviruses.- 9. Cell Transfer Studies.- 9.1. Congenic MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr and + / +.- 9.2. Strain BXSB.- 10. Therapy.- 10.1. X Irradiation.- 10.2. Cell Replacement Therapy.- 10.3. Thymectomy.- 10.4. Thymic Hormones.- 10.5. Prostaglandins.- 10.6. Androgen Treatment.- 11. Other Single-Locus Models.- 11.1. Strain BXSB and Its Y Chromosome.- 11.2. Mutant Gene gld.- References.- 7 Canine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Incidence of SLE in Dogs.- 3. Clinical Findings in Canine SLE.- 4. Serologic Findings in Canine SLE.- 5. Pathologic Findings in Canine SLE.- 6. Virologic Findings in Canine SLE.- 7. Genetic Findings in Canine SLE.- 8. A Genetic Hypothesis.- References.- 8 Combined Immunodeficiency of Arabian Foals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Findings.- 2.1. Hematology.- 2.2. Onset of Infections and Time to Death.- 3. Analysis of B-Lymphocyte Function.- 3.1. Serum Immunoglobulin Class Measurement.- 3.2. Evaluation of B Lymphocytes.- 3.3. Results of Immunization.- 4. Analysis of T-Lymphocyte Function.- 4.1. Lymphocyte Proliferation Assays.- 4.2. Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Tests.- 5. Analysis of Other Host Defense Systems.- 5.1. Complement.- 5.2. Neutrophil and Monocyte Function.- 6. Histopathologic Changes in Lymphoid Tissues.- 6.1. Absence of Lymphoid Structures in Spleen and Lymph Nodes.- 6.2. Thymic Hypoplasia.- 7. Criteria for Diagnosis of CID in Foals.- 8. Documentation of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance.- 9. Studies on the Biochemical Basis of the Defect.- 9.1. Presence of Adenosine Deaminase.- 9.2. Evaluation of Purine Metabolism.- 10. Immunotherapy.- 10.1. General Considerations.- 10.2. Reconstitution with Fetal Thymus and Liver Cells.- 10.3. Other Treatment Methods.- 11. Availability of Affected Foals.- 12. Discussion of Future Research Possibilities.- References.- VIII. Defects in Effector Pathways.- 9 Complement Deficiencies of Laboratory Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Well-Studied Deficiency States.- 2.1. C4 Deficiency in Guinea Pigs.- 2.2. C5 Deficiency in Mice.- 2.3. C6 Deficiency in Rabbits.- 3. Other Deficiency States.- 3.1. C1 Deficiency in Chickens.- 3.2. C4 Deficiency in Rats.- 3.3. C6 Deficiency in Hamsters.- 4. Summary.- References.- 10 Defects in Murine Responsiveness to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide: The C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Strains.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Origin and Structure of LPS.- 3. Biological Activities of LPS.- 4. Structure-Function Correlation of LPS Biological Activities.- 5. Genetically Determined Nonresponsiveness to LPS.- 5.1. Genetics and Strain Distribution of LPS Nonresponsiveness.- 5.2. Biological Activities Affected by the LPS Gene.- 6. Bacterial Lipoprotein Mitogens and Their Effects in LPS-Nonresponder Mice.- 7. Speculations on the Mechanism of Action of LPS.- References.- IX, Modification of Immune Responsiveness in Gnotobiotic Environments.- 11 Host Defense Mechanisms in Gnotobiotic Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Characteristics of the Germfree Animal.- 2.1. Lymphatic Tissue in Germfree Animals.- 2.2. Radiobiology.- 2.3. Aging and Carcinogenesis.- 2.4. Gnotobiotic Animals and the Study of Disease.- 2.5. Autoimmunity.- 3. The Colostrum-Deprived Piglet.- 3.1. Immunologically "Virgin" Animal.- 3.2. Complement Receptor-Bearing Lymphocytes.- 3.3. Polyclonal B-Cell Activators.- 3.4. Membrane-Bound Enzymes of Lymphoid Tissues.- 3.5. "Natural" Antibody.- 3.6. Natural Killer Cells.- 3.7. Radiobiology.- 3.8. Morphology of Lymphoid Organs.- 3.9. Conclusion.- 4. Germfree Mouse.- 4.1. Serum Proteins of the Germfree Mouse.- 4.2. Germfree Nude Mouse.- 5. Germfree Rat.- 6. Germfree Guinea Pig.- 7. Germfree Rabbit.- 8. Germfree Primates.- 9. Germfree Dogs.- 10. Germfree Chickens.- 11. Conclusion.- References.- X. Cryopreservation of Embryos for Strain Preservation.- 12 Physiological Basis of the Freezing of Mammalian Embryos.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cryobiology of Mammalian Embryos.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Solutions at Subzero Temperatures.- 2.3. Cell Responses to Altered Solutions and Temperatures.- 2.4. Responses of Ova and Embryos to Freezing.- 2.5. Other Aspects of Embryo Freezing.- 3. Embryological Aspects of Embryo Freezing.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Species Differences.- 3.3. Mouse Strain Differences.- 3.4. In Vitro Fertilization of Frozen-Thawed Ova.- 3.5. Culture and Transfer of Frozen-Thawed Embryos.- 4. Summary.- References.