About the Authors xvii
Preface To the First Edition xxi
Preface To the Second Edition xxv
Series Preface xxvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2
1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 7
1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 10
1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11
1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17
1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17
1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 24
1.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 25
1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 27
References 29
2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31
2.1 Vehicle Basics 31
2.2 Basics of the EV 36
2.3 Basics of the HEV 39
2.4 Basics of Plug?In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 40
2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 42
Reference 43
3 HEV Fundamentals 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Vehicle Model 46
3.3 Vehicle Performance 49
3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 52
3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 55
3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 60
3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 68
References 71
4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 73
4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 73
4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 76
4.3 GM Two?Mode Hybrid Transmission 80
4.4 Dual?Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 87
4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 92
4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 95
4.7 Timken Two?Mode Hybrid Transmission 96
4.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 99
4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 100
4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E?Four?Wheel Drive 102
4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 103
4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 104
4.13 Non?Ideal Gears in the Planetary System 106
4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 107
4.15 Conclusions 108
References 108
5 Plug?In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 111
5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 111
5.2 PHEV Architectures 115
5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 115
5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 116
5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 119
5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 121
5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 122
5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 123
5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 123
5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 126
5.11 Vehicle?to?Grid Technology 129
5.12 Conclusion 140
References 140
6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 143
6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 143
6.2 Off?Road HEVs 148
6.3 Diesel HEVs 163
6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 164
6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 172
References 173
Further Reading 174
7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 175
7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 175
7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 176
7.3 Non?Ground?Vehicle Military Applications 180
7.4 Ruggedness Issues 185
References 186
Further Reading 187
8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs 189
8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 189
8.2 Reliability of HEVs 195
8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues 203
8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 205
8.5 End?of?Life Issues 207
References 208
Further Reading 209
9 Power Electronics in HEVs 211
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 212
9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 214
9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 221
9.5 Non?Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 223
9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 229
9.7 Current Source Inverter 229
9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 231
9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 242
9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 243
9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 251
9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 253
9.13 Circuit Packaging 254
9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 254
9.15 Conclusions 257
References 257
10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 261
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Induction Motor Drives 262
10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 287
10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 310
10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 311
10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 315
10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 316
10.8 Conclusions 323
References 323
11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 333
11.1 Introduction 333
11.2 Characterization of Batteries 335
11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 355
11.4 Ultracapacitors 356
11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 358
11.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System 362
11.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 364
11.8 Summary and Discussion 368
References 368
Further Reading 369
12 Battery Modeling 371
12.1 Introduction 371
12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 372
12.3 Modeling of Lithium?Ion (Li?Ion) Battery 374
12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 375
12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 377
12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling and Simulation for Batteries 382
References 383
Further Reading 383
13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 387
13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 393
13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 396
13.5 Design Procedures 401
13.6 Experimental Results 401
13.7 Conclusions 407
References 407
14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 409
14.1 Introduction 409
14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 410
14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 412
14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 416
14.5 Physics?Based Modeling 416
14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 424
14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 428
14.8 Conclusion 428
References 428
15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 433
15.1 Introduction 433
15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 434
15.3 Model?in?the?Loop Design Optimization Process 446
15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 447
15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 452
15.6 Conclusion 459
References 459
16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 461
16.1 Introduction 461
16.2 Fundamental Theory 464
16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 468
16.4 Compensation Network 473
16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 475
16.6 Methods of Study 477
16.7 Additional Discussion 479
16.8 A Double?Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 482
16.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 502
16.10 Summary 511
References 511
17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 521
17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 521
17.2 Methodology to Implement 523
17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 536
References 536
Further Reading 537
18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 539
18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 539
18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 539
18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 540
18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 541
18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off?Road Applications 542
18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 543
Further Reading 543
19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 545
19.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 545
19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 545
19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 547
19.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification 548
19.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 551
Further Reading 553
Index 555
