List of contributors x
1 Grapevines in a changing environment: a global perspective 1
Gregory V. Jones
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Climate suitability for viticulture and wine production 4
1.3 Climate change and variability 6
1.4 Environmental impacts on viticulture and wine production 8
1.5 Conclusions 12
References 13
2 The ups and downs of environmental impact on grapevines: future challenges in temperate viticulture 18
H.R. Schultz and M. Hofmann
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Variability and trends in evapotranspiration and precipitation â" global is â regional 20
2.3 Variability and trends in plant water status globally and regionally 24
2.4 The underground risk of variability affecting above ground quality 27
2.5 The CO2 problem 29
References 32
3 Drought and water management in Mediterranean vineyards 38
O. Zarrouk, J.M. Costa, R. Francisco, C. Lopes and M.M. Chaves
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Varietal adaptation to water scarcity and heat stress 40
3.3 Deficit irrigation â" a tool to increase transpiration efficiency and control grapevine and berry growth/development 43
3.4 Soil management practices 47
3.5 Impact of deficit irrigation on berry metabolism 50
References 59
4 Rootstocks as a component of adaptation to environment 68
N. Ollat, A. Peccoux (deceased), D. Papura, D. Esmenjaud, E. Marguerit, J.âP. Tandonnet, L. Bordenave, S.J. Cookson, F. Barrieu, L. Rossdeutsch, J. Lecourt, V. Lauvergeat, P. Vivin, P.âF. Bert and S. Delrot
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Main components of root architecture and morphology 71
4.3 Rootstock as a key component to cope with pests 72
4.4 Contribution of rootstocks to drought responses 78
4.5 Rootstocks to cope with salinity 86
4.6 Iron chlorosis and rootstocks 88
4.7 Concluding remarks 93
Acknowledgements 93
References 94
5 Carbon balance in grapevine under a changing climate 109
H. Medrano, J. Perez Pe±a, J. Prieto, M. Tom¡s, N. Franck and J.M. Escalona
5.1 General introduction 110
5.2 Grapevine carbon balance as an integration of different physiological processes: main components of carbon fluxes 111
5.3 How to measure the plant carbon balance 114
5.4 Environment and genotype affect whole plant carbon fluxes 123
5.5 Whole plant carbon fluxes and carbon footprint calculation 126
5.6 Future challenges 127
Acknowledgements 127
References 128
6 Embolism formation and removal in grapevines: a phenomenon affecting hydraulics and transpiration upon water stress 135
Sara Tramontini and Claudio Lovisolo
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Organs affected 137
6.3 Spread and recovery 138
6.4 Genotype effect 141
6.5 Conclusions 143
Acknowledgements 143
References 143
7 Grapevine under light and heat stresses 148
Alberto Palliotti and Stefano Poni
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Light and heat stresses: excess 150
7.3 Effects of light and heat stress on morphostructural and biochemical characteristics at leaf and shoot level 151
7.4 Effects of light and heat stress on physiological behaviour 154
7.5 Effects of light and heat stress on vine yield and grape composition 162
7.6 Energy dissipation mechanisms 164
7.7 Protective strategies 166
7.8 Conclusions 169
Acknowledgements 170
References 171
8 Remote sensing and other imaging technologies to monitor grapevine performance 179
Hamlyn G. Jones and Olga M. Grant
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 Sensor technologies 181
8.3 Deployment of sensors 189
8.4 Applications 190
8.5 Concluding comments 195
References 196
9 Boron stress in grapevine: current developments and future prospects 202
Carlos MeyerâRegueiro, Rudolf Schlechter, Carmen Espinoza, Alejandro Bisquertt, Felipe Aquea and Patricio ArceâJohnson
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 Function of boron in plants 205
9.3 Stress triggered by boron in grapevine 207
9.4 Uptake and transport mechanisms of boron in plants 209
9.5 Grapevine boron transporters VvBOR 212
9.6 Conclusion and outlook 218
Acknowledgements 219
References 219
10 Berry response to water light and heat stresses 223
J©r©my Pillet, Mariam Berdeja, Le Guan and Serge Delrot
10.1 Introduction 224
10.2 Berry composition 225
10.3 Abiotic stress and grapevine physiology 233
10.4 Abiotic stress in grapevine berry and its impact on berry quality 236
10.5 Concluding remarks 245
Acknowledgements 246
References 246
11 Grapevine responses to low temperatures 258
M©lodie Sawicki, C©dric Jacquard, Christophe Cl©ment, Essa¯d A¯t Barka and Nathalie VaillantâGaveau
11.1 Introduction 259
11.2 Distribution and acclimation 260
11.3 Modifications to plant cell membranes 260
11.4 Formation of ice 261
11.5 Photosynthesis and photosynthesisârelated pigments 262
11.6 Calcium and cold temperatures 264
11.7 Coldâmediated transcription regulation 265
11.8 Expression of pathogenesisârelated genes and synthesis of antifreeze proteins 266
11.9 Changes in phytohormone metabolism 266
11.10 Coldâinduced osmolites/osmoprotectants 267
11.11 Effect on reproductive organs 270
11.12 Effect of microorganisms on cold tolerance in grapevine 271
11.13 Conclusion 272
Acknowledgements 272
References 272
12 Metabolic rearrangements in grapevine response to salt stress 279
Artur Conde, R. Breia, J. MoutinhoâPereira, J©r´me Grimplet and Hern¢ni Ger³s
12.1 Introduction 280
12.2 NaCl toxicity and irrigation and cultivar dependency 281
12.3 Metabolic readjustments in response to salt stress 284
12.4 Conclusions and future perspectives 291
Acknowledgements 292
References 293
13 Copper stress in grapevine 299
Viviana Martins, Ant³nio Teixeira, Mohsen Hanana, Eduardo Blumwald and Hern¢ni Ger³s
13.1 Introduction 300
13.2 Grapevine diseases and copperâbased fungicides 301
13.3 Effect of copper in grapevine physiology and mineral balance 301
13.4 Intracellular accumulation of copper in grape cells 304
13.5 Effect of copper in grapevine metabolism and in grape berry composition 307
13.6 Effect of copper in soil and berry microbiome 309
13.7 Effect of copper in fermentation and wine quality 311
13.8 Conclusions 313
Acknowledgements 313
References 313
14 Grapevine abiotic and biotic stress genomics and identification of stress markers 320
J©r´me Grimplet
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Abiotic stress 323
14.3 Biotic stress 333
14.4 Conclusions 339
Acknowledgements 339
References 339
15 Exploiting Vitis genetic diversity to manage with stress 347
Pablo CarbonellâBejerano, Luisa Cristina de Carvalho, Jos© Eduardo Eiras Dias, Jos© M. MartnezâZapater and Sara Am¢ncio
15.1 Introduction 348
15.2 Grapevine diversity 348
15.3 Grapevine responses and adaptation to stressful conditions 351
15.4 Breeding strategies to manage with stress 357
15.5 Conclusions 368
Acknowledgements 369
References 369
Index 381
