List of Contributors xi
1 Principles of Food Processing 1
Sung Hee Park, Buddhi P. Lamsal, and V.M. Balasubramaniam
1.1 Processing of foods: an introduction 1
1.2 Unit operations in food processing 2
1.3 Thermophysical properties, microbial aspects, and other considerations in food processing 4
1.4 Common food preservation/processing technologies 7
1.5 Other food processing/preservation technologies 12
1.6 Emerging issues and sustainability in food processing 13
1.7 Conclusion 13
2 Thermal Principles and Kinetics 17
Prabhat Kumar and K.P. Sandeep
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Methods of thermal processing 17
2.3 Microorganisms 20
2.4 Thermal kinetics 21
2.5 Thermal process establishment 24
2.6 Thermal process calculation 26
2.7 Thermal process validation 28
2.8 Process monitoring and control 29
2.9 Emerging processing technologies 29
2.10 Future trends 30
3 Separation and Concentration Technologies in Food Processing 33
Yves Pouliot, Val©rie Conway, and Pierre-Louis Leclerc
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Physical separation of food components 34
3.3 Processes involving phase separation 37
3.4 Membrane separations 46
3.5 Sustainability of separation technologies in food processing 57
4 Dehydration 61
Robert H. Driscoll
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Drying and food quality 61
4.3 Hot air drying 62
4.4 Drying theory 67
4.5 Drying equipment 71
4.6 Analysis of dryers 75
4.7 Sustainability 77
4.8 Conclusion 77
5 Chilling and Freezing of Foods 79
Stephen J. James and Christian James
5.1 Introduction to the food cold chain 79
5.2 Effect of refrigeration on food safety and quality 79
5.3 Blanching 83
5.4 Principles of refrigeration systems 84
5.5 Heat transfer during chilling and freezing 86
5.6 Chilling and freezing systems 87
5.7 Chilled and frozen storage systems 92
5.8 Chilled and frozen transport systems 93
5.9 Refrigerated retail display systems 95
5.10 Recommended temperatures 99
5.11 Refrigeration and the environment 100
5.12 Specifying, designing, and commissioning refrigeration systems 101
5.13 Conclusion 102
6 Fermentation and Enzyme Technologies in Food Processing 107
Ali Demirci, Gulten Izmirlioglu, and Duygu Ercan
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Fermentation culture requirements 108
6.3 Fermentation technologies 112
6.4 Downstream processing 114
6.5 Fermented foods 117
6.6 Enzyme applications 123
6.7 Sustainability 131
6.8 Concluding remarks and future trends 131
7 Alternative Food Processing Technologies 137
Hudaa Neetoo and Haiqiang Chen
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Alternative thermal processing technologies 137
7.3 Alternative non-thermal processing technologies 144
7.4 Sustainability and energy efficiency of processing methods 159
7.5 Conclusion 160
8 Nanotechnology for Food: Principles and Selected Applications 171
Sundaram Gunasekaran
8.1 Introduction 171
8.2 Biosensing 172
8.3 Packaging 191
8.4 Nanotechnology and sustainability 198
8.5 Summary 199
9 Sustainability and Environmental Issues in Food Processing 207
Fionnuala Murphy, Kevin McDonnell, and Colette C. Fagan
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Sustainable food processing drivers 207
9.3 Environmental impact of food processing 210
9.4 Green technologies: examples in the food processing industry 213
9.5 Environmental sustainability assessment methods 214
9.6 Conclusion 227
10 Food Safety and Quality Assurance 233
Tonya C. Schoenfuss and Janet H. Lillemo
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Elements of total quality management 233
10.3 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system 235
10.4 Sanitary processing conditions 236
10.5 Supporting prerequisite programs 242
10.6 Product quality assurance 245
10.7 Conclusion 246
11 Food Packaging 249
Joongmin Shin and Susan E.M. Selke
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Functions of food packaging 249
11.3 Packaging systems 250
11.4 Materials for food packaging 251
11.5 Other packaging types 263
11.6 Sustainable food packaging 268
12 Food Laws and Regulations 275
Barbara Rasco
12.1 Introduction 275
12.2 The regulatory status of food ingredients and additives 276
12.3 Adulteration and misbranding 276
12.4 The global food trade: risk from adulterated and misbranded foods 279
12.5 US Department of Agriculture programs 280
12.6 Environmental Protection Agency programs 283
12.7 The Food Safety Modernization Act 283
12.8 Summary 291
13 Crops â" Cereals, 293
Kent D. Rausch and Vijay Singh
13.1 Introduction 293
13.2 Industrial corn processing for food uses 293
13.3 Industrial wheat processing for food uses 300
13.4 Sustainability of corn and wheat processing 302
14 Crops â" Legumes 305
George Amponsah Annor, Zhen Ma, and Joyce Irene Boye
14.1 Introduction 305
14.2 Technologies involved in legume processing 306
14.3 Traditional processing technologies 307
14.4 Modern processing technologies 310
14.5 Ingredients from legumes 312
14.6 Novel applications 329
14.7 Conclusion 331
15 Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Beverages 339
Jos© I. Reyes-De-Corcuera, Ren©e M. Goodrich-Schneider, Sheryl Barringer, and Miguel A. Landeros-Urbina
15.1 Introduction 339
15.2 Juices 341
15.3 Nectars 356
15.4 Clean-in-place 358
15.5 Conclusion 360
16 Fruits and Vegetables â" Processing Technologies and Applications 363
Nutsuda Sumonsiri and Sheryl A. Barringer
16.1 Raw materials 363
16.2 Basic processing 369
17 Milk and Ice Cream Processing 383
Maneesha S. Mohan, Jonathan Hopkinson, and Federico Harte
17.1 Introduction 383
17.2 Physical and chemical properties of milk constituents 383
17.3 Milk handling 386
17.4 Dairy product processing 391
17.5 US regulations for milk and milk products 400
17.6 Sustainability of the dairy industry 402
17.7 Conclusion 402
18 Dairy â" Fermented Products 405
R.C. Chandan
18.1 Introduction 405
18.2 Consumption trends 406
18.3 Production of starters for fermented dairy foods 406
18.4 Biochemical basis of lactic fermentation for flavor and texture generation 410
18.5 Yogurt 410
18.6 Cultured (or sour) cream 422
18.7 Cheeses 424
18.8 Sustainability efforts in whey processing 431
19 Eggs and Egg Products Processing 437
Jianping Wu
19.1 Introduction 437
19.2 Shell egg formation 437
19.3 Structure of eggs 438
19.4 Chemical composition of eggs 440
19.5 Shell egg processing 441
19.6 Further processing of eggs and egg products 444
19.7 Liquid egg products 445
19.8 Pasteurization 446
19.9 Desugarization 448
19.10 Dehydration 449
19.11 Egg further processing (value-added processing) 449
19.12 Sustainability 450
19.13 Conclusion 450
20 Fats and Oils â" Plant Based 457
Amy S. Rasor and Susan E. Duncan
20.1 Introduction 457
20.2 Sources, composition, and uses of plant-based fats and oils 457
20.3 Properties of plant-based fats and oils 460
20.4 Nutritional areas of interest 461
20.5 Degradation of plant-based fats and oils 462
20.6 General handling considerations 463
20.7 Recovery of oils from their source materials 463
20.8 Refining 466
20.9 Modification of plant-based fats and oils 469
20.10 Packaging and postprocessing handling 473
20.11 Margarine processing 473
20.12 Mayonnaise processing 476
20.13 Sustainability 477
21 Fats and Oils â" Animal Based 481
Stephen L. Woodgate and Johan T. van der Veen
21.1 Introduction 481
21.2 Raw materials 481
21.3 Land animals 482
21.4 Processing methods 484
21.5 EU legislation 487
21.6 Safety 488
21.7 Characteristics and quality 490
21.8 Applications 493
21.9 Health aspects 496
21.10 Sustainability 497
21.11 Conclusion 497
22 Aquatic Food Products 501
Mahmoudreza Ovissipour, Barbara Rasco, and Gleyn Bledsoe
22.1 Introduction 501
22.2 Aquatic plants and animals as food 501
22.3 Cultivation, harvesting, and live handling â" reducing stress and maintaining quality 502
22.4 Animal welfare issues in fisheries 507
22.5 Harvesting methods and effect on quality 507
22.6 Reducing stress in live handling 508
22.7 Fishing methods 510
22.8 Refrigerated products 514
22.9 Freezing and frozen products 515
22.10 Surimi and surimi analog products 520
22.11 Curing, brining, smoking, and dehydration 521
22.12 Additives and edible coatings 524
22.13 Roes and caviar 525
22.14 Other non-muscle tissues used as food 528
22.15 Fish meal and protein hydrolyzates, and fish oil 530
22.16 Sustainability 531
22.17 Summary 532
23 Meats â" Beef and Pork Based 535
Robert Maddock
23.1 Introduction 535
23.2 Beef and pork characteristics and quality 535
23.3 General categories of beef and pork processing 537
23.4 Equipment needed in beef and pork processing 545
23.5 Beef and pork processing and HACCP 547
23.6 Sustainability 547
24 Poultry Processing and Products 549
Douglas P. Smith
24.1 Poultry processing 549
24.2 Turkey processing 562
24.3 Duck processing 562
24.4 Microbiology and food safety 563
24.5 Sustainable poultry production and processing 564
24.6 Conclusion 565
Index 567
