| Introduction | |
| Introducing an Exploration | p. xi |
| The Plan of the Book | p. xvi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xviii |
| Presenting Agrodiversity | |
| Presenting Diversity by Example: Mintima and Bayninan | p. 3 |
| Mintima, Chimbu, Papua New Guinea | p. 3 |
| Bayninan, Ifugao, Philippines | p. 16 |
| Comment: Dimensions of Diversity | p. 20 |
| Diversity, Stress, and Opportunity | p. 23 |
| Three Contrasted Examples | p. 23 |
| Threats to Crop Biodiversity: Paucartambo, Peru | p. 23 |
| A People Resettled Again and Again: The Zande of the Southern Sudan | p. 27 |
| The City in the Village: Four Villages Around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia | p. 32 |
| Comment Arising from the First Two Chapters | p. 38 |
| Defining, Describing, and Writing About Agrodiversity | p. 40 |
| Summarizing the Elements | p. 40 |
| Defining Agrodiversity | p. 42 |
| Describing and Classifying Agrodiversity | p. 46 |
| Following What Farmers Do | p. 50 |
| Analyzing and Writing About Agrodiversity | p. 52 |
| Themes for a Structured Argument | p. 54 |
| Two Cautions | p. 56 |
| The Way Forward | p. 57 |
| Learning About the History of Agrodiversity | p. 59 |
| Two Very Relevant Questions | p. 59 |
| Selection of Favored Sites | p. 68 |
| Diversity in Early Management: Evidence from the Ground Surface | p. 69 |
| Evidence from Within the Soil | p. 73 |
| Toward Answers to the Questions | p. 75 |
| Understanding Soils and Soil-Plant Dynamics | p. 80 |
| Introducing Soils | p. 80 |
| Soil Taxonomy and Its Problems | p. 82 |
| Soil-Forming Processes | p. 88 |
| Introducing Nutrients and Soil-Plant Relationships | p. 90 |
| The Human Factor | p. 96 |
| Diversity Within Land Rotational Systems | |
| Analyzing Shifting Cultivation | p. 103 |
| Introducing Part II | p. 103 |
| Farming in the Forests of Borneo | p. 105 |
| Borneo in Perspective | p. 116 |
| The Forces of Change | p. 119 |
| Alternative Ways to Farm Parsimonious Soils | p. 123 |
| Citemene and Fundikila: Northeastern Zambia | p. 123 |
| Farming Systems Across Space and Through Time | p. 132 |
| Some Concluding Remarks About Work on Shifting Cultivation | p. 138 |
| Managing Plants in the Fallow and the Forest | p. 140 |
| Introducing the Management of Plants | p. 140 |
| Managing the Successional Forest in Latin America | p. 141 |
| Managed Successional Fallows in Amazonia and Southeast Asia | p. 144 |
| Complex Multistory Agroforests in Southeast Asia | p. 149 |
| What Is Natural and What Is Human-Made? | p. 151 |
| Using Plants and Soil in Conjunction | p. 154 |
| Conclusion | p. 156 |
| Coping with Problems: Degraded Land, Slope Dynamics, and Flood | p. 157 |
| Degraded Land | p. 157 |
| Coping with Degradation in Southeastern Ghana | p. 161 |
| Managing the Dynamics of Steep Slopes | p. 165 |
| Managing Water | p. 170 |
| Discussion | p. 173 |
| Paths of Transformation | |
| Who Has Driven Agricultural Change? | p. 179 |
| Introducing Part III | p. 179 |
| Bursts of Innovation and Incremental Change | p. 181 |
| Two Completed Experiments | p. 183 |
| Agricultural and Social Change in Japan, 1700-1950 | p. 188 |
| Japan and Java | p. 194 |
| Conclusions | p. 196 |
| Farmer-Driven Transformation in Modern Times | p. 198 |
| A Focus on Spontaneous Change | p. 198 |
| Management and Investment in a Sahel Village | p. 201 |
| Management and Migration Among the Kofyar of Northern Nigeria | p. 206 |
| Interference and Invention in Machakos, Kenya | p. 211 |
| Intensification, Revolution, and Agrarian Transformation: A Review | p. 214 |
| The Green Revolution | p. 218 |
| Science and Public Policy as the Drivers of Change | p. 218 |
| North and South India | p. 222 |
| Farmers and the State in Java | p. 230 |
| Back to Diversity | p. 233 |
| Conclusions | p. 235 |
| The Future of Agrodiversity | |
| Recent Trends in Agriculture | p. 241 |
| Economy and Ecology Hand in Hand | p. 241 |
| The Background: Genetic Erosion and Conservation | p. 244 |
| Innovations in Plant Breeding | p. 249 |
| Alternative Agriculture in the North | p. 253 |
| The Special Case of Cuba | p. 257 |
| Science, Farmers, and Politics | p. 262 |
| A Check to the Seed-Chemical Juggernaut | p. 262 |
| Progress in Wider Biotechnology Fields | p. 265 |
| Biosafety and Ethical Issues | p. 268 |
| Understanding the Scientific Basis of Agrodiversity | p. 270 |
| Biophysical Diversity and Its Management: Alternatives to Herbicides | p. 275 |
| Diversity in Farm Management | p. 276 |
| The Organizational Domain: An Area of Weakness | p. 278 |
| The Conditions for Success of Diversity | p. 279 |
| Epilogue: Looking at the Future | p. 281 |
| Allies of Agrodiversity | p. 281 |
| In Conclusion | p. 284 |
| References | p. 287 |
| Index | p. 325 |
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