Experiments, Models, Paper Tools

Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century

By: Ursula Klein

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Hardcover | 30 December 2002

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Hardcover
320 Pages

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23.39 x 15.6 x 2.24

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In the early nineteenth century, chemistry emerged in Europe as a truly experimental discipline. What set this process in motion, and how did it evolve? Experimentalization in chemistry was driven by a seemingly innocuous tool: the sign system of chemical formulas invented by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius. By tracing the history of this "paper tool," the author reveals how chemistry quickly lost its orientation to natural history and became a major productive force in industrial society. These formulas were not merely a convenient shorthand, but productive tools for creating order amid the chaos of early nineteenth-century organic chemistry. With these formulas, chemists could create a multifaceted world on paper, which they then correlated with experiments and the traces produced in test tubes and flasks. The author's semiotic approach to the formulas allows her to show in detail how their particular semantic and representational qualities made them especially useful as paper tools for productive application.

Industry Reviews

"This is a very valuable and stimulating book." - American Historical Review "[Klein] herself has made a major contribution to the philosophy and the history of chemistry by making clear the existence and the manner of a major but overlooked transformation in organic chemistry. Methodologically and substantively, this is a significant achievement." - Canadian Journal of History "Experiments, Models, Paper Tools is a clear and compelling account of an important epoch in the history of organic chemistry, as well as a fine demonstration and elaboration of Klein's most fruitful investigation into the special role of systems of representation in the history of chemistry." - Annals of Science "...an original contribution to the history of chemistry and a fascinating book...clearly presented, intellectually stimulating, and a pleasure to read." - British Journal of the History of Science

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Preface	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
The Semiotics of Berzelian Chemical Formulas	p. 9
The Various Meanings of Berzelian Formulas	p. 14
Image and Language: The Syntax of Berzelian Formulas	p. 23
Two Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century: A Structural Comparison	p. 41
The Area of Research Objects in Early Nineteenth-Century Plant and Animal Chemistry	p. 43
Plant and Animal Substances: A Cross between Natural History and Chemistry	p. 49
The Classification of Plant and Animal Substances	p. 52
"Nature" and "Art" in the Experimental Practice of Plant and Animal Chemistry	p. 58
The Experimental Culture of Organic Chemistry after 1840	p. 65
The Two Forms of Organic Chemistry Compared	p. 75
Experiments on the Periphery of Plant Chemistry	p. 86
Ether Production and Commercial Pharmacy	p. 88
Interpretive Models of the Formation of Ordinary Ether around 1800	p. 91
Quantitative Approaches in the Study of Organic Reactions	p. 95
Simplified Quantitative Experiments	p. 106
The Manufacture of an Artificial Oil in the Chemical Laboratory	p. 108
New Attempts to Balance the Masses of Reacting Substances	p. 111
The Overthrow of the Accepted Interpretive Model of the Formation of Ordinary Ether	p. 115
Paper Tools for the Construction of Interpretive Models of Chemical Reactions	p. 118
The Historical Problem	p. 119
Modeling Separate Reaction Pathways	p. 120
The Performative Function of Berzelian Formulas	p. 126
Paper Tools for the Classification of Organic Substances	p. 130
The Structure and Function of Dumas and Boullay's Table	p. 134
Experimentation and the Construction of Formula Models for the "Compounds of Bicarbonated Hydrogen"	p. 137
The Enlargement of Substance Classes by the Construction of Further Formula Models	p. 141
Manipulations of Formulas and Their Significance	p. 145
Reception of the New Classification among European Chemists	p. 147
Paper Tools for Modeling the Constitution of Organic Compounds	p. 149
The Shared Conceptual Preconditions for the Models of Constitution	p. 151
Models of Constitution Prior to 1833	p. 163
The Controversy	p. 176
The Dialectic of Tools and Goals	p. 188
A Performative Account of Conceptual Development	p. 189
The Creation of Mutual Adjustments and Its Reflection in the New Mode of Justification	p. 202
The Historical Transformation Process	p. 207
Model Objects and Unintended Paradigmatic Achievements	p. 208
The Structural Transformation	p. 216
Paper Tools	p. 231
Filling in the Gaps of Inscription Devices	p. 233
Chains of Inscriptions and Paper Tools	p. 240
Notes	p. 249
Literature Cited	p. 279
Index	p. 299
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Experiments, Models, Paper Tools

Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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