| Preface | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Generalities About EW | p. 3 |
| Information Warfare | p. 5 |
| How to Understand Electronic Warfare | p. 6 |
| Threats | p. 9 |
| Some Definitions | p. 9 |
| Threats Versus Threat Signals | p. 9 |
| Radars Versus Communication | p. 10 |
| Types of Threats | p. 10 |
| Radar-Guided Weapons | p. 11 |
| Laser-Guided Weapons | p. 11 |
| Infrared Energy: Guided Weapons | p. 12 |
| Lethal Communications | p. 12 |
| Radar Resolution Cell | p. 13 |
| Frequency Ranges | p. 13 |
| Threat Guidance Approaches | p. 15 |
| Active Guidance | p. 15 |
| Semiactive Guidance | p. 16 |
| Command Guidance | p. 16 |
| Passive Guidance | p. 17 |
| Scan Characteristics of Threat Radars | p. 17 |
| The Radar Scan | p. 17 |
| Antenna Beamwidth | p. 18 |
| Antenna Beam Pointing | p. 19 |
| Modulation Characteristics of Threat Radars | p. 22 |
| Pulse Radars | p. 22 |
| Pulse Doppler Radars | p. 25 |
| Continuous Wave Radars | p. 25 |
| Threat Radar Applications | p. 26 |
| Communication Signal Threats | p. 26 |
| The Nature of Communication Signals | p. 27 |
| Tactical Communication | p. 27 |
| Digital Data Links | p. 29 |
| Satellite Links | p. 30 |
| Radar Characteristics | p. 33 |
| The Radar Function | p. 33 |
| Types of Radars | p. 34 |
| Basic Radar Block Diagrams | p. 35 |
| Radar Range Equation | p. 36 |
| Radar Cross Section | p. 39 |
| Radar Detection Range | p. 40 |
| Detection Range Versus Detectability Range | p. 42 |
| Estimating the Sensitivity of the Radar Receiver | p. 43 |
| Example of Radar Detection Range Calculation | p. 44 |
| Detectability Range | p. 44 |
| Radar Modulation | p. 48 |
| Pulse Modulation | p. 48 |
| Unintentional Modulation on Pulses | p. 50 |
| Pulse Compression | p. 51 |
| Chirped Pulses | p. 51 |
| Digital Modulation on Pulses | p. 53 |
| CW and Pulse Doppler Radars | p. 54 |
| Doppler Shift | p. 55 |
| CW Radar | p. 56 |
| FM Ranging | p. 56 |
| Pulse Doppler Radar | p. 58 |
| Moving Target Indicator Radars | p. 58 |
| Basic MTI Operation | p. 59 |
| MTI Data Rates | p. 61 |
| Airborne Moving Target Indicator (AMTI) Radar | p. 62 |
| Synthetic Aperture Radars | p. 63 |
| Range Resolution | p. 63 |
| Azimuth Resolution | p. 64 |
| Focused Array SAR | p. 66 |
| Low Probability of Intercept Radars | p. 67 |
| LPI Techniques | p. 67 |
| Levels of LPI | p. 68 |
| LPID Radars | p. 68 |
| Detection Versus Detectability | p. 70 |
| LPI Figure of Merit | p. 71 |
| Other Factors Impacting Detection Range | p. 72 |
| Infrared and Electro-Optical Considerations in Electronic Warfare | p. 77 |
| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | p. 77 |
| Infrared Spectrum | p. 78 |
| Blackbody Radiation | p. 79 |
| IR Transmission | p. 80 |
| EW Applications in the IR Range | p. 80 |
| Electro-Optical Devices | p. 82 |
| IR Guided Missiles | p. 82 |
| IR Sensors | p. 82 |
| IR Missiles | p. 83 |
| IR Line Scanners | p. 87 |
| Mine Detection Application | p. 87 |
| Infrared Imagery | p. 90 |
| The FLIR | p. 90 |
| IR Imagery Tracking | p. 93 |
| Infrared Search and Track | p. 93 |
| Night-Vision Devices | p. 94 |
| Types of Devices | p. 94 |
| Classical Night Operations | p. 95 |
| History of Development | p. 95 |
| Spectral Response | p. 96 |
| Implementation | p. 96 |
| Laser Target Designation | p. 98 |
| Laser Designator Operation | p. 98 |
| Laser Warning | p. 99 |
| Countermeasures Against Laser-Homing Missiles | p. 100 |
| Infrared Countermeasures | p. 101 |
| Flares | p. 101 |
| IR Jammers | p. 103 |
| IR Decoys | p. 104 |
| IR Chaff | p. 105 |
| EW Against Communications Signals | p. 107 |
| Frequency Ranges | p. 107 |
| HF Propagation | p. 108 |
| The Ionosphere | p. 109 |
| Ionospheric Reflection | p. 110 |
| HF Propagation Paths | p. 111 |
| Single-Site Locators | p. 112 |
| Emitter Location from Airborne Systems | p. 112 |
| VHF/UHF Propagation | p. 113 |
| Propagation Models | p. 113 |
| Free Space Propagation | p. 113 |
| Two-Ray Propagation | p. 114 |
| Knife-Edge Propagation | p. 116 |
| Signals in the Propagation Medium | p. 116 |
| Background Noise | p. 120 |
| Digital Communication | p. 121 |
| Digital Signals | p. 122 |
| Digitization | p. 122 |
| Digitizing Imagery | p. 124 |
| Digital Signal Format | p. 125 |
| RF Modulations for Digital Signals | p. 126 |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 128 |
| Bit-Error Rate Versus RFSNR | p. 128 |
| Bandwidth Required for Digital Signals | p. 129 |
| Impact of Signal Bandwidth on Electronic Warfare | p. 132 |
| Spread Spectrum Signals | p. 133 |
| Frequency-Hopping Signals | p. 134 |
| Chirp Signals | p. 135 |
| Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals | p. 136 |
| Communications Jamming | p. 137 |
| Jamming-to-Signal Ratio | p. 138 |
| Operation Near the Earth | p. 139 |
| Other Losses | p. 140 |
| Digital Versus Analog Signals | p. 140 |
| Jamming Spread Spectrum Signals | p. 141 |
| Jamming Frequency Hop Signals | p. 141 |
| Jamming Chirp Signals | p. 147 |
| Jamming DSSS Signals | p. 147 |
| Impact of Error-Correction Coding | p. 149 |
| Location of Spread Spectrum Transmitters | p. 150 |
| Location of Frequency-Hopping Transmitters | p. 150 |
| Location of Chirped Transmitters | p. 153 |
| Location of Direct Sequence Transmitters | p. 153 |
| Precision Emitter Location Techniques | p. 153 |
| Accuracy of Emitter Location Systems | p. 155 |
| Basic Emitter Location Approaches | p. 156 |
| Angle Measurement Techniques | p. 157 |
| Rotating Directional Antenna | p. 157 |
| Multiple Antenna Amplitude Comparison | p. 158 |
| Watson-Watt Technique | p. 159 |
| Doppler Technique | p. 159 |
| Distance Measuring Techniques | p. 160 |
| Interferometric Direction Finding | p. 162 |
| Precision Emitter Location Techniques | p. 164 |
| Time Difference of Arrival Method | p. 164 |
| Precision Emitter Location by FDOA | p. 167 |
| FDOA Against Moving Transmitters | p. 169 |
| Combined FDOA and TDOA | p. 170 |
| Emitter Location-Reporting Location Accuracy | p. 171 |
| RMS Error | p. 171 |
| Circular Error Probable | p. 173 |
| Elliptical Error Probable | p. 174 |
| Emitter Location--Error Budget | p. 174 |
| Combination of Error Elements | p. 175 |
| Impact of Reflections on AOA Error | p. 176 |
| Station Location Accuracy | p. 176 |
| Error Budget Items for Angle-of-Arrival Emitter Location Approaches | p. 177 |
| Error Related to Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 178 |
| Calibration Errors | p. 179 |
| Combination of AOA System Errors | p. 179 |
| Conversion of AOA Errors to Location Errors | p. 179 |
| Measurement Accuracy | p. 179 |
| Circular Error Probable | p. 182 |
| Location Errors in Precision Location Systems | p. 183 |
| TDOA System Accuracy | p. 183 |
| Location Errors in FDOA Emitter Location Systems | p. 187 |
| Communication Satellite Links | p. 191 |
| The Nature of Communication Satellites | p. 191 |
| Terms and Definitions | p. 192 |
| Noise Temperature | p. 195 |
| System Noise Temperature | p. 195 |
| Antenna Noise Temperature | p. 196 |
| Line Temperature | p. 197 |
| Receiver Noise Temperature | p. 197 |
| A Noise Temperature Example | p. 199 |
| Link Losses | p. 200 |
| Spreading Loss | p. 200 |
| Atmospheric Loss | p. 201 |
| Rain and Fog Attenuation | p. 202 |
| Faraday Rotation | p. 204 |
| Link Losses in Typical Links | p. 205 |
| A Synchronous Satellite | p. 205 |
| Low-Earth-Satellite Link | p. 208 |
| Link Performance Calculations | p. 209 |
| Synchronous Satellite Links | p. 210 |
| Low-Earth-Orbit Links | p. 212 |
| Relating Communication Satellite and EW Forms of Equations | p. 214 |
| Jamming of Satellite Links | p. 215 |
| Downlink Jamming | p. 216 |
| Uplink Jamming | p. 217 |
| Problems with Solutions | p. 219 |
| Problems from the EW 101 Book | p. 219 |
| Problems from the EW 102 Book | p. 239 |
| Cross-References to EW101 Columns in the Journal of Electronic Defense | p. 255 |
| EW 101 | p. 255 |
| EW 102 | p. 256 |
| Selected Bibliography | p. 259 |
| About the Author | p. 263 |
| Index | p. 265 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
