Evaluating Software Architectures

Methods and Case Studies

By: Mark Klein, Rick Kazman, Peter Gordon, Paul Clements

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Hardcover | 22 October 2001

At a Glance

Hardcover
368 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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The first practical guide to evaluating software and system architectures

-- Quick, low-cost techniques for optimizing any architecture in advance.

-- Ensuring maximum performance, security, reliability, and maintainability.

-- Step-by-step guidance and detailed practical examples based on realistic artifacts.

The foundation of any software system is its architecture. Using this book, you can evaluate every aspect of architecture in advance, at remarkably low cost -- identifying improvements that can dramatically improve any system's performance, security, reliability, and maintainability. As the practice of software architecture has matured, it has become possible to identify causal connections between architectural design decisions and the qualities and properties that result downstream in the systems that follow from them. This book shows how, offering step-by-step guidance, as well as detailed practical examples -- complete with sample artifacts reflective of those that evaluators will encounter. The techniques presented here are applicable not only to software architectures, but also to system architectures encompassing computing hardware, networking equipment, and other elements. For all software architects, software engineers, developers, IT managers, and others responsible for creating, evaluating, or implementing software architectures.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Science Systems Analysis & Design Computer Architecture & Logic Design Computer Programming & Software Development Object-Oriented Programming or OOP Software Engineering

List of Figures	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Reader's Guide	p. xxiii
What Is Software Architecture?	p. 1
Architecture as a Vehicle for Communication among Stakeholders	p. 3
Architecture and Its Effects on Stakeholders	p. 3
Architectural Views	p. 4
Architecture Description Languages	p. 10
Architecture as the Manifestation of the Earliest Design Decisions	p. 11
Architectural Styles	p. 12
Architecture as a Reusable, Transferable Abstraction of a System	p. 13
Summary	p. 14
For Further Reading	p. 15
Discussion Questions	p. 16
Evaluating a Software Architecture	p. 19
Why Evaluate an Architecture?	p. 23
When Can an Architecture Be Evaluated?	p. 24
Who's Involved?	p. 26
What Result Does an Architecture Evaluation Produce?	p. 27
For What Qualities Can We Evaluate an Architecture?	p. 30
Why Are Quality Attributes Too Vague for Analysis?	p. 32
What Are the Outputs of an Architecture Evaluation?	p. 34
Outputs from the ATAM, the SAAM, and ARID	p. 34
Outputs Only from the ATAM	p. 35
What Are the Benefits and Costs of Performing an Architecture Evaluation?	p. 37
For Further Reading	p. 41
Discussion Questions	p. 42
The ATAM--A Method for Architecture Evaluation	p. 43
Summary of the ATAM Steps	p. 44
Detailed Description of the ATAM Steps	p. 45
Step 1: Present the ATAM	p. 45
Step 2: Present the Business Drivers	p. 46
Step 3: Present the Architecture	p. 47
Step 4: Identify the Architectural Approaches	p. 47
Step 5: Generate the Quality Attribute Utility Tree	p. 50
Step 6: Analyze the Architectural Approaches	p. 56
Step 7: Brainstorm and Prioritize Scenarios	p. 59
Step 8: Analyze the Architectural Approaches	p. 68
Step 9: Present the Results	p. 68
The Phases of the ATAM	p. 70
Phase 0 Activities	p. 71
Phase 1 Activities	p. 76
Phase 2 Activities	p. 77
Phase 3 Activities	p. 78
For Further Reading	p. 84
Discussion Questions	p. 84
The Battlefield Control System--The First Case Study in Applying the ATAM	p. 87
Preparation	p. 88
Phase 1	p. 89
Step 1: Present the ATAM	p. 89
Step 2: Present the Business Drivers	p. 89
Step 3: Present the Architecture	p. 89
Step 4: Identify the Architectural Approaches	p. 90
Step 5: Generate the Quality Attribute Utility Tree	p. 92
Step 6: Analyze the Architectural Approaches	p. 92
Phase 2	p. 100
Step 7: Brainstorm and Prioritize Scenarios	p. 100
Step 8: Analyze the Architectural Approaches	p. 102
Step 9: Present the Results	p. 102
Results of the BCS Evaluation	p. 103
Documentation	p. 103
Requirements	p. 105
Sensitivities and Tradeoffs	p. 106
Architectural Risks	p. 106
Summary	p. 107
Discussion Questions	p. 107
Understanding Quality Attributes	p. 109
Quality Attribute Characterizations	p. 110
Performance	p. 111
Availability	p. 115
Modifiability	p. 118
Characterizations Inspire Questions	p. 120
Using Quality Attribute Characterizations in the ATAM	p. 121
Attribute-Based Architectural Styles	p. 124
Summary	p. 125
For Further Reading	p. 126
Discussion Questions	p. 126
A Case Study in Applying the ATAM	p. 127
Background	p. 128
Phase 0: Partnership and Preparation	p. 129
Phase 0, Step 1: Present the ATAM	p. 130
Phase 0, Step 2: Describe Candidate System	p. 132
Phase 0, Step 3: Make a Go/No-Go Decision	p. 134
Phase 0, Step 4: Negotiate the Statement of Work	p. 135
Phase 0, Step 5: Form the Core Evaluation Team	p. 137
Phase 0, Step 6: Hold Evaluation Team Kick-off Meeting	p. 140
Phase 0, Step 7: Prepare for Phase 1	p. 142
Phase 0, Step 8: Review the Architecture	p. 147
Phase 1: Initial Evaluation	p. 148
Phase 1, Step 1: Present the ATAM	p. 149
Phase 1, Step 2: Present Business Drivers	p. 152
Phase 1, Step 3: Present the Architecture	p. 157
Phase 1, Step 4: Identify Architectural Approaches	p. 162
Phase 1, Step 5: Generate Quality Attribute Utility Tree	p. 164
Phase 1, Step 6: Analyze the Architectural Approaches	p. 172
Hiatus between Phase 1 and Phase 2	p. 183
Phase 2: Complete Evaluation	p. 184
Phase 2, Step 0: Prepare for Phase 2	p. 184
Phase 2, Steps 1-6	p. 187
Phase 2, Step 7: Brainstorm and Prioritize Scenarios	p. 187
Phase 2, Step 8: Analyze Architectural Approaches	p. 196
Phase 2, Step 9: Present Results	p. 199
Phase 3: Follow-Up	p. 202
Phase 3, Step 1: Produce the Final Report	p. 203
Phase 3, Step 2: Hold the Postmortem Meeting	p. 204
Phase 3, Step 3: Build Portfolio and Update Artifact Repositories	p. 207
For Further Reading	p. 209
Discussion Questions	p. 209
Using the SAAM to Evaluate an Example Architecture	p. 211
Overview of the SAAM	p. 212
Inputs to a SAAM Evaluation	p. 213
Outputs from a SAAM Evaluation	p. 213
Steps of a SAAM Evaluation	p. 214
Step 1: Develop Scenarios	p. 214
Step 2: Describe the Architecture(s)	p. 216
Step 3: Classify and Prioritize the Scenarios	p. 217
Step 4: Individually Evaluate Indirect Scenarios	p. 218
Step 5: Assess Scenario Interactions	p. 218
Step 6: Create the Overall Evaluation	p. 219
A Sample SAAM Agenda	p. 220
A SAAM Case Study	p. 222
ATAT System Overview	p. 222
Step 1: Develop Scenarios, First Iteration	p. 223
Step 2: Describe the Architecture(s), First Iteration	p. 224
Step 1: Develop Scenarios, Second Iteration	p. 225
Step 2: Describe the Architecture(s), Second Iteration	p. 227
Step 3: Classify and Prioritize the Scenarios	p. 228
Step 4: Individually Evaluate Indirect Scenarios	p. 231
Step 5: Assess Scenario Interactions	p. 235
Step 6: Create the Overall Evaluation--Results and Recommendations	p. 236
Summary	p. 238
For Further Reading	p. 239
Discussion Questions	p. 239
ARID--An Evaluation Method for Partial Architectures	p. 241
Active Design Reviews	p. 242
ARID: An ADR/ATAM Hybrid	p. 245
The Steps of ARID	p. 245
Phase 1: Rehearsal	p. 246
Phase 2: Review	p. 246
A Case Study in Applying ARID	p. 248
Carrying Out the Steps	p. 249
Results of the Exercise	p. 251
Summary	p. 252
For Further Reading	p. 252
Discussion Questions	p. 253
Comparing Software Architecture Evaluation Methods	p. 255
Questioning Techniques	p. 257
Questionnaires and Checklists	p. 257
Scenarios and Scenario-Based Methods	p. 261
Measuring Techniques	p. 263
Metrics	p. 264
Simulations, Prototypes, and Experiments	p. 265
Rate-Monotonic Analysis	p. 265
Automated Tools and Architecture Description Languages	p. 266
Hybrid Techniques	p. 267
Software Performance Engineering	p. 267
The ATAM	p. 268
Summary	p. 271
For Further Reading	p. 273
Discussion Questions	p. 273
Growing an Architecture Evaluation Capability in Your Organization	p. 275
Building Organizational Buy-in	p. 276
Growing a Pool of Evaluators	p. 276
Establishing a Corporate Memory	p. 278
Cost and Benefit Data	p. 278
Method Guidance	p. 281
Reusable Artifacts	p. 283
Summary	p. 285
Discussion Questions	p. 285
Conclusions	p. 287
You Are Now Ready!	p. 287
What Methods Have You Seen?	p. 288
Why Evaluate Architectures?	p. 288
Why Does the ATAM Work?	p. 290
A Parting Message	p. 296
An Example Attribute-Based Architectural Style	p. 297
Problem Description	p. 297
Stimulus/Response	p. 298
Architectural Style	p. 298
Analysis	p. 299
Reasoning	p. 299
Priority Assignment	p. 300
Priority Inversion	p. 301
Blocking Time	p. 301
For Further Reading	p. 302
References	p. 303
Index	p. 307
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Evaluating Software Architectures

Methods and Case Studies

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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