| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| About the Authors | p. xvii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Environment | p. 1 |
| Water Resources | p. 2 |
| Saltwater Resources | p. 2 |
| Surface Water Resources | p. 4 |
| Groundwater Resources | p. 4 |
| Environmental Pollutants | p. 4 |
| Types of Pollutants | p. 6 |
| Organic Pollutants | p. 6 |
| Inorganic Pollutants | p. 10 |
| Biological Pollutants | p. 10 |
| Methods of Water Treatment | p. 12 |
| Adsorption | p. 12 |
| Reverse Osmosis | p. 15 |
| Membrane Filtration | p. 17 |
| Electrochemical | p. 18 |
| Biological | p. 20 |
| Water Treatment In Situ | p. 21 |
| Water Treatment for Inorganic Pollutants by Adsorption Technology | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 30 |
| Adsorption Essentials | p. 31 |
| Design of Batch and Column Adsorption Experiments | p. 31 |
| Activated Carbon Adsorbents | p. 33 |
| Development of Low-Cost Adsorbents | p. 33 |
| Preparation of Adsorbents from Organic Precursors | p. 33 |
| Preparation of Adsorbents from Inorganic Precursors | p. 48 |
| Conclusions | p. 71 |
| Water Treatment for Organic Pollutants by Adsorption Technology | p. 93 |
| Organic Precursor Adsorbents | p. 94 |
| Coconut Husk | p. 94 |
| Fruits Waste | p. 94 |
| Bark and Other Tannin Materials | p. 95 |
| Waste Tyres | p. 96 |
| Saw Dust and Other Wood Materials | p. 97 |
| Rice Husk | p. 97 |
| Miscellaneous Agricultural Wastes | p. 97 |
| Fertilizer Industry Wastes | p. 98 |
| Seafood Wastes | p. 99 |
| Petroleum Industry Wastes | p. 99 |
| Sea Weed and Algae | p. 100 |
| Peat Moss | p. 100 |
| Inorganic Precursor Adsorbents | p. 100 |
| Fly Ash | p. 100 |
| Blast Furnace Slag | p. 102 |
| Metal Oxides and Hydroxides | p. 102 |
| Sugar Industry Wastes | p. 103 |
| Clays | p. 104 |
| Sediment and Soil | p. 105 |
| Red Mud | p. 106 |
| Zeolites and Ore Minerals | p. 107 |
| Conclusions | p. 110 |
| Water Treatment by Reverse Osmosis Method | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| RO Membrane | p. 118 |
| Mechanism of Filtration | p. 119 |
| Membrane Flux | p. 119 |
| Fouling and Clogging of Membranes | p. 120 |
| Precautions and Cleaning of the Membranes | p. 120 |
| Factors Controlling Filtration | p. 121 |
| Applications of RO | p. 122 |
| Organic Pollutants | p. 122 |
| Oils | p. 123 |
| Pharmaceuticals | p. 125 |
| Inorganic Pollutants | p. 126 |
| Biological Pollutants | p. 127 |
| Direct Applications | p. 127 |
| Conclusions | p. 129 |
| Water Treatment by Membrane Filtration Techniques | p. 135 |
| Introduction | p. 135 |
| Features of Membranes | p. 136 |
| Types of Membranes | p. 136 |
| Membrane Filtration, Fouling, and Cleaning | p. 139 |
| Membrane Management | p. 141 |
| Membrane Materials | p. 141 |
| Principles of Membrane Filtration System Design and Operation | p. 142 |
| Applications | p. 142 |
| Organic Pollutants | p. 143 |
| Inorganic Pollutants | p. 146 |
| Biological Pollutants | p. 148 |
| Direct Applications | p. 148 |
| Future Perspectives | p. 149 |
| Conclusions | p. 149 |
| Water Treatment by Electrical Technologies | p. 155 |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| Electroflotation | p. 157 |
| Wastewaters Treated by EF | p. 158 |
| Factors Affecting Electroflotation | p. 158 |
| Electrocoagulation | p. 162 |
| Wastewater Treated by EC | p. 163 |
| Factors Affecting EC | p. 163 |
| Advantages of EC | p. 165 |
| Electrooxidation | p. 166 |
| Direct Anodic Oxidation | p. 166 |
| Indirect Electrooxidation Processes | p. 169 |
| Conclusion | p. 170 |
| Wastewater Treatment by Biological Methods | p. 179 |
| Introduction | p. 180 |
| Stages of Biological Treatment of Wastewater | p. 181 |
| Preliminary Treatment | p. 181 |
| Primary Treatment | p. 182 |
| Secondary Treatment | p. 182 |
| Advanced or Tertiary Treatment | p. 182 |
| Disinfection | p. 182 |
| Methods of Biological Wastewater Treatment | p. 183 |
| Oxidation Ponds | p. 183 |
| Anaerobic Ponds | p. 184 |
| Aerobic Ponds | p. 185 |
| Shallow Ponds | p. 187 |
| Aerated Ponds | p. 187 |
| Facultative Ponds | p. 188 |
| Trickling Filter | p. 188 |
| Rotating Biological Contractors | p. 189 |
| AS Treatment | p. 190 |
| Wastewater Effluent Quality and Regulatory Standards | p. 194 |
| Efficiency of Biological Wastewater Treatment | p. 195 |
| Consequences of Inadequate Wastewater Treatment | p. 195 |
| Recent Developments in Biological Wastewater Treatment Methodologies | p. 196 |
| Conclusion | p. 199 |
| Perspectives of Water Treatment, Remediation and Recycling | p. 205 |
| Introduction | p. 205 |
| Water Recycling | p. 206 |
| Water Recycling Considerations | p. 206 |
| Water Recycling and Health | p. 207 |
| Water Recycling Techniques | p. 207 |
| Future Perspectives of Water Recycling | p. 208 |
| Conclusion | p. 209 |
| Index | p. 211 |
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