Environmental Compartments

1 Introduction.- 2 Processes and equilibria between compartments.- 2.1 Principles.- 2.2 Phases or compartments.- 2.2.1 Water.- 2.2.2 Particulate matter (PM).- 2.2.3 Bottom sediments.- 2.2.4. Living organisms.- 2.3 Processes and equilibria.- 2.3.1 Processes/equilibria in the liquid sea water compartment.- 2.3.2 Processes/equilibria between water and particulate matter compartments.- 2.3.3 Processes/equilibria between water and living compartments.- 3 Complexing metal- and radionuclide-sediment reactions.- 3.1 Complexation of metals by dissolved organic matter.- 3.1.1 Experiments of competition between complexation and adsorption.- 3.2 Results on radionuclide sorption by marine sediments.- 3.2.1 Methodologies of Kd determination.- 3.2.2 Dependency of Kds on concentrations in solution and amounts of PM in suspension and in consolidated sediments.- 3.2.3 Correlations of Kds with sediment and metal properties.- 3.2.4 Intercomparison of Kd determinations.- 4 Diffusion principles.- 4.1 Theories.- 4.1.1 Diffusion from constant and instantaneous sources.- 4.1.2 Diffusion and sorption.- 4.2 Simple methods of determining diffusion coefficients.- 4.2.1 Constant source technique.- 4.2.2 Instantaneous source technique.- 4.3 Experiments on hindrance of diffusing ions in sediments.- 4.3.1 Mean Free Path.- 4.3.2 Temperature.- 4.3.3 Electrical potential retention in pore water.- 4.3.4 Surface action.- 4.3.5 Effect of hydrostatic pressure on diffusion in sediments.- 4.4. Summary on effects on molecular diffusion in bottom sediments.- 5 Organochlorines.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 PCB and DDT behaviour in water, PM and sediment compartments.- 5.2.1 Partitioning of PCBs between water and PM.- 5.2.2 DDT and PCB behaviour in organisms.- 5.3 The eel case.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 A simulation experiment.- 5.3.3 Discussion.- 5.4 Pesticide use and contamination with Tambak (Indonesian brackish-water) aquaculture.- 5.4.1 Environmental contamination in the tropics.- 5.5 Possible DDT and PCB partitioning between air and man.- 6 Competitive reactions and effects of conservativity.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.4 Principles of conservativity.- 6.3 Model study of competitive processes in an estuary containing a turbidity maximum.- 6.3.1 Boundary conditions.- 6.3.2 Reactions.- 6.3.3 Simulation model.- 6.3.4 Results and discussion.- 6.4 Residence times of metals in an estuary.- 6.4.1 Theory.- 6.4.2 Example of river branch.- 6.5 Sources and sinks of chemical constituents in estuaries.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 The Ganges-Brahmaputra river-estuarine zone.- 6.5.3 Ba and 226Ra Distributions.- 6.5.4 Sources of Ba and 226Ra.- 6.5.5 Fluxes of Ba and 226Ra.- 7 Examples of distribution patterns in estuaries and seas.- 7.1 Budget of plutonium and some other nuclides in an estuary.- 7.2 Metals in the Western Mediterranean.- 7.3 PCB budgets.- 7.3.1 Western Mediterranean.- 7.3.2 Baltic.- 7.3.3 Antarctic atmosphere.- 7.3.4 Hypothetical global PCB equilibrium between atmosphere, water and man.- 7.4 The food chain accumulation paradox.- 8 Nuclear waste in the Kara Sea.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 History of radioactive waste dumping in the Kara Sea.- 8.3 Inventory of dumped objects.- 8.4 Environmental concentrations of radionuclides.- 8.5 Predicting future radionuclide releases.- 8.6 Modelling radionuclide dispersion.- 8.6.1 Radionuclide exchange processes.- 8.6.2 Approaches to determining site-specific Kds.- 8.6.3 Theoretical investigation of site-specific Kds.- 8.6.4 Laboratory determinations of distribution coefficients.- 8.6.5 Field experimentation.- 8.6.6 Summary of findings.- 8.6.7 Models for predicting radionuclide dispersion.- 8.7 Impact assessment.- 8.7.1 Global impacts.- 8.7.2 Regional impacts.- 8.7.3 Local impact.- 8.7.4 Conclusions.- 9 Globel oceanic and atmospheric stability of oxygen.- 9.1 Oxygen budgets.- 9.1.1. Globel budgets.- 9.1.2 Oxygen and exhaust gasses between a population centre and atmosphere.- 9.2 Relation to CO2 budgets.- 9.2.1 Atmosphere and ocean budgets.- 9.2.2 The Antarctic paradox.- 9.3 Time-dependent process.- 9.3.1 Environmental effects on photosynthesis and respiration.- 9.3.2 Short time scale oxygen regulatory feedbacks.- 9.3.3 Global short-term feedback possibilities.- 9.3.4 Final conclusion.- 9.4 Future limit(s) of ocean pH due to fossil-fuel produced CO2.- 10 Case studies on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Techniques.- 10.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).- 10.2.2 Best Professional Judgement (BPJ).- 10.3 A Delta-case EIA study.- 10.4 Assessment of diffusion of radionuclides from potential HLW disposal.- 10.5 Amoeba assessment.- 10.6 COSMO-BIO assessment.- Appendix I: Answers to a question and exercises.- Appendix II: Kara Sea box model user information.- Appendix Ills COSMO-BIO assessment.- References.