Electron Diffraction in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Abbreviations -- List of symbols -- Preface -- 1. Diffraction and the electron microscope -- How a lens forms a diffraction pattern -- Introduction to diffraction in the TEM -- SAD in the TEM -- Low- (or small-) angle diffraction -- Limitations to the accuracy of selected-area diffraction -- Diffraction using small probes -- Spatial resolution -- Problems with specimens -- Specimen preparation -- Beam damage -- Obtaining and recording a SAD pattern in the TEM -- Obtaining a CBED pattern -- TEM mode -- STEM mode -- Alignments that are important for diffraction -- 2. The reciprocal lattice and Bragg's Law -- Electrons as waves -- Interference of waves -- Bragg's Law -- The reciprocal lattice -- The 180° ambiguity in indexing the diffraction pattern -- Diffraction patterns from polycrystalline materials -- Diffraction patterns from amorphous materials -- Systematic absences -- Standard patterns -- Cubic patterns -- Hexagonal close-packed patterns -- Patterns from the diamond structure -- Computer indexing of electron diffraction patterns -- Input data -- Measuring the pattern and indexing it - an example -- Calibration of the camera constant -- Calibration of the rotation between the image and the diffraction pattern -- Using electron diffraction to identify unknown phases -- Exercises -- 3 The reflecting sphere -- The reflecting sphere -- Obtaining orientation relationships -- Second-phase particles or precipitates -- Twinned crystals -- Determining habit and composition planes -- The importance of crystal orientation -- Dark-field imaging -- Exercises -- 4 Finding your way around reciprocal space: Kikuchi diffraction -- How Kikuchi lines form -- The determination of the deviation parameter s -- Kikuchi maps and their uses -- Finding the exact orientation of the crystal -- Exercises -- 5 The intensities of reflections -- The atomic scattering amplitude, f -- The structure factor, Fhkl -- Systematic absences due to lattice type -- Crystal with a simple structure -- Systematic absences due to translational symmetry elements -- The kinematic and dynamical theories of electron diffraction Measuring the structure factor, Fhkl, and the extinction distance -- Exercises -- 6 Determination of the Bravais lattice, point group and space group -- Determination of the crystal system from conventional electron diffraction patterns -- Convergent-beam methods -- Zonal repeats parallel to the electron beam -- Geometry of CBED patterns from HOLZs -- The symmetry of CBED patterns -- The Tanaka method -- Exercises -- 7. The fine structure in electron diffraction patterns -- Double diffraction -- Double diffraction of 'forbidden' reflections -- Double diffraction of spots from precipitates and twins -- Detection of double diffraction in the microscope -- Diffraction from small particles -- The distribution of streaks in the diffraction pattern -- The effects of elastic strain -- Diffraction from ordered structures -- Long-range order -- Short-range order -- Periodic and modulated structures -- Spinodal decomposition and other compositional modulations -- Periodic antiphase domain boundaries -- Regular dislocation arrays -- Incommensurate structures -- Planar and linear defects -- Thermal diffuse scattering -- Exercises -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Some basic crystallography -- Appendix B: An introduction to space groups -- Appendix C: Some useful crystallographic relationships -- Appendix D: Relativistic electron wavelengths -- Appendix E: Mathematical definition of the reciprocal lattice -- Appendix F: Computer programs concerning electron diffraction -- Appendix G: Answers to exercises -- Appendix H: References -- Index.