Ecological Studies

By: Wolfgang Nentwig (Editor)

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Paperback | 4 March 2008

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468 Pages

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22.86 x 15.88 x 2.54

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This new volume on Biological Invasions deals with both plants and animals, differing from previous books by extending from the level of individual species to an ecosystem and global level. Topics of highest societal relevance, such as the impact of genetically modified organisms, are interlinked with more conventional ecological aspects, including biodiversity. The combination of these approaches is new and makes compelling reading for researchers and environmentalists.

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Non-Fiction Science Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Ecological Science Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment Applied Ecology Biodiversity Nature & The Natural World Trees, Mushrooms, Wildflowers & Plants Zoology & Animal Sciences

Animal Ecology Economics Environmental Economics Engineering & Technology Environmental Science Conservation of The Environment

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Published: 13th November 2006

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Biological Invasions: why it Matters	p. 1
Pathways of Biological Invasions
Short Introduction	p. 9
Pathways in Animal Invasions	p. 11
Natural Dispersal Versus more Recent Invasions	p. 11
Unintentional Introductions	p. 12
Transports	p. 12
Tramps in Vehicles and Planes	p. 12
Waterways and Shipping	p. 15
Transported Plant Material	p. 16
Escapes	p. 17
Intentional Introductions	p. 18
Human Nutrition	p. 18
Global Distribution of Domesticated Animals	p. 18
Release of Mammals and Birds for Hunting	p. 19
Release of Fish and Other Species	p. 20
Beneficials or Biological Control Agents	p. 22
Vertebrates	p. 22
Invertebrates	p. 23
Ornamental Animals and Pets	p. 23
Conclusions	p. 25
References	p. 26
Pathways in Plant Invasions	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Introductions to a New Range: Relative Role of Deliberate Versus Accidental Transfer of Species	p. 30
Introduction Mode and Invasion Success	p. 31
Coinciding Pathways of Deliberate and Accidental Introductions	p. 33
Invasions at the Infra-Specific Level Through Deliberate Introductions	p. 34
Deliberate Secondary Releases Within the New Range	p. 35
Cultivation as a Driver in Plant Invasions	p. 36
From Clumped to Linear Patterns	p. 37
Accidental Transfer of Non-Target Species	p. 37
Transfer by Goods: Spatial-Temporal Separation of Propagule Transport and Release	p. 38
Direct Association with Vehicles: Coincidence of Transport and Release	p. 39
Adhesion to Vehicles	p. 40
Transport Routes: from Patterns to Processes	p. 40
Role of Living Conveyers	p. 42
Conclusions	p. 43
References	p. 44
Is Ballast Water a Major Dispersal Mechanism for Marine Organisms?	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Vectors	p. 50
Relative Vector Importance	p. 51
Ballast Water	p. 52
Risk-Reducing Measures	p. 53
Ballast Water Management Options	p. 54
Conclusions	p. 55
References	p. 56
Waterways as Invasion Highways - Impact of Climate Change and Globalization	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
The Watery Web - Inland Waterways of Europe	p. 60
Aquatic Highways for Invasion	p. 61
Hot and Hotter - the Role of Temperature in European Waterways Invasions	p. 64
Future of Waterways Transport	p. 66
Suez and Panama - the Interoceanic Canals	p. 67
Globalization and Shipping - "Size Matters"	p. 69
References	p. 71
Traits of a Good Invader
Short Introduction	p. 77
Integrating Ecological and Evolutionary Theory of Biological Invasions	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Hypotheses to Explain Biological Invasion	p. 82
Ecological Hypotheses	p. 83
Evolutionary Hypotheses	p. 85
Proposed Refinements to Hypotheses, Predictions and Tests	p. 87
Refining the Enemy Release Hypothesis	p. 87
Refining the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability Hypothesis	p. 88
Recent Syntheses and Synergies Between Hypotheses	p. 88
Conclusions	p. 93
References	p. 93
Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do we Stand?	p. 97
History of the Search for Traits and Shifts in Research Focus	p. 97
Comparative Analyses of Multispecies Datasets: Every Picture Tells a Story	p. 99
Methodological Approaches: what is Being Compared?	p. 99
Data, Scale and Analysis	p. 106
Main Findings of Comparative Multispecies Studies (1995–2005)	p. 107
Biases to Bear in Mind: Residence Time, Scale and Stage	p. 111
Message from Comparative Multispecies Studies	p. 112
Studies of Congeners and Confamilials	p. 113
Assumptions for Congeneric Studies	p. 114
Searching for Generalities Within Genera	p. 114
Combining Approaches: Pooling the Evidence	p. 119
Conclusions: Where Do we Stand?	p. 120
References	p. 122
Do Successful Invaders Exist? Pre-Adaptations to Novel Environments in Terrestrial Vertebrates	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Framework	p. 127
Do Successful Invaders Exist?	p. 129
What Makes a Species a Successful Invader?	p. 132
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 137
References	p. 139
Patterns of Invasion and Invasibility
Short Introduction	p. 145
Effects of Land Management Practices on Plant Invasions in Wildland Areas	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Factors that Affect Plant Invasions	p. 148
Linking Land Management Practices with Invasion Potential	p. 151
Vehicular Route Management	p. 151
Vehicles	p. 153
Vehicular Routes	p. 153
Managing Established Populations of Invasive Plants	p. 155
Effects of Vegetation Management on Resource Availability	p. 155
Effects of Vegetation Management on Propagule Pressure of Invaders	p. 158
Predicting the Effects of Vegetation Management Treatments	p. 158
Conclusions	p. 159
References	p. 160
Nitrogen Enrichment and Plant Invasions: the Importance of Nitrogen-Fixing Plants and Anthropogenic Eutrophication	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Alterations of the N-Cycle by Exotic Invaders	p. 164
Nitrogen-Fixing Species Among Invasives and Natives	p. 164
Nitrogen Input by N₂-Fixing Invasive Species	p. 165
Major Invasive Nitrogen-Fixing Species	p. 166
Facilitated Secondary Invasion	p. 168
Nitrogen Fixation Suppressed by Invasion	p. 169
Nitrogen Deposition and Exotic Invasions	p. 169
N Deposition and Eutrophication in Natural Ecosystems	p. 169
A Short Note on Mechanisms	p. 170
Evidence for Effects of N Deposition on Plant Invasions?	p. 171
Spatial Correlations	p. 171
Observational Studies	p. 173
Nutrient Addition Experiments	p. 174
Interaction of N Deposition with Other Drivers of Environmental Change	p. 175
Future Challenges	p. 176
References	p. 177
From Ecosystem Invasibility to Local, Regional and Global Patterns of Invasive Species	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Background	p. 182
Case Studies on Ecosystem Invasibility	p. 184
Scale Dependence of Invasibility and the Importance of Environmental Factors	p. 185
Local, Regional and Global Patterns	p. 190
Scale-Dependent Consequences for Biodiversity of Invaded Ecosystems	p. 192
Conclusions	p. 193
References	p. 194
Will Climate Change Promote Alien Plant Invasions?	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Current and Emerging Knowledge	p. 200
Elevated Carbon Dioxide	p. 201
Observations and Experimental Findings	p. 201
Future Expectations	p. 202
Changing Climate with Respect to Temperature and Rainfall	p. 203
Future Expectations	p. 204
Other Factors	p. 206
Increased Fire Frequency	p. 206
Perspectives	p. 207
References	p. 208
Ecological Impact of Biological Invasions
Short Introduction	p. 215
Impacts of Invasive Species on Ecosystem Services	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Relating Costs of Invasives to Valuation of Ecosystem Services	p. 218
Valuing Ecosystem Services	p. 218
Interpreting Invasive Impacts	p. 220
Mechanisms of Alteration	p. 223
Species Extinctions and Community Structure	p. 223
Energy, Nutrient, and Water Cycling	p. 224
Disturbance Regime, Climate, and Physical Habitat	p. 225
Which Ecosystems Are at Risk and Which Invasives Have the Greatest Impact?	p. 226
Case Studies and Examples	p. 229
Provisioning Ecosystem Services	p. 229
Regulating Ecosystem Services	p. 230
Cultural Ecosystem Services	p. 231
Supporting Ecosystem Services	p. 232
Conclusions	p. 233
References	p. 235
Biological Invasions by Marine Jellyfish	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Ctenophores	p. 240
Mnemiopsis leidyi	p. 240
Beroë ovata	p. 241
Medusae (Cnidaria)	p. 242
Phyllorhiza punctata (Scyphozoa)	p. 242
Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa)	p. 243
Rhopilema nomadica (Scyphozoa)	p. 244
Aurelia spp. (Scyphozoa)	p. 244
Maeotias marginata, Blackfordia virginica, and Moerisia lyonsii (Hydrozoa)	p. 245
Jellyfish Invasions: Blooms and Ecosystem Controls	p. 245
The Role of Life-Histories	p. 247
Taxonomic Confusion, Species Crypsis, and Morphological Plasticity	p. 248
Transport of Invasive Marine Jellyfish	p. 249
Conclusions	p. 250
References	p. 250
Effects of Invasive Non-Native Species on the Native Biodiversity in the River Rhine	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
The River Rhine	p. 258
Native Biodiversity and Invasion History	p. 260
Species Interactions and Mechanisms of Replacement	p. 264
Amphipods	p. 264
Molluscs	p. 266
Why Are There so many Non-Native Species in the Rhine?	p. 268
Conclusions	p. 269
References	p. 270
Hybridization and Introgression Between Native and Alien Species	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Definitions and Technical Aspects	p. 277
Definition of Hybridization and Introgression	p. 277
Genetic and Statistical Tools	p. 278
Basic Types of Anthropogenic Hybridization: Empirical Examples	p. 279
Hybridization Without Introgression	p. 279
Hybridization with Introgression	p. 281
Hybridization as a Stimulus for the Evolution of Invasiveness and the Emergence of Anthropogenic Hybrid Taxa	p. 285
Can we Predict Introgressive Hybridization and its Outcome?	p. 286
Genetic Differentiation Between Taxa as an Indicator	p. 286
Habitat Modifications	p. 286
Introduction Intensity	p. 287
Differences Between Populations	p. 287
Conclusions	p. 288
References	p. 289
Genetically Modified Organisms as Invasive Species?	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Quantitative Measures of Invasion Risk	p. 293
Gene Flow: the First Step to Invasiveness of Transgenes	p. 295
Gene Escape in Bacterial Communities	p. 295
Transformation	p. 296
Conjugation	p. 296
Transduction	p. 296
Evidence for Gene Transfer from GMMs	p. 297
Gene Escape in Plant Communities	p. 297
Gene Escape in Animal Populations	p. 298
Transgene Spread	p. 299
Transgene Spread in Bacterial Populations	p. 299
Transgene Spread in Plant Populations	p. 300
Transgene Spread in Animal Populations	p. 302
Ecological Impact	p. 304
Detecting Impacts in Bacterial Populations	p. 304
Potential Impacts in Plant Populations	p. 305
Potential Impacts in Animal Populations	p. 305
Conclusions	p. 306
References	p. 307
Economy and Socio-Economy of Biological Invasions
Short Introduction	p. 313
Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invasive Species in the United States and World	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Agricultural and Forestry Benefits from Introduced Species	p. 316
Environmental Damages and Associated Control Costs	p. 316
Plants	p. 317
Mammals	p. 318
Birds	p. 319
Amphibians and Reptiles	p. 320
Fishes	p. 321
Arthropods	p. 321
Mollusks	p. 322
Livestock Pests	p. 323
Human Diseases	p. 323
The Situation Today and Projections for the Future	p. 324
Biological Control ofInvasives	p. 326
References	p. 326
Socio-Economic Impact and Assessment of Biological Invasions	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Impacts on Ecosystems from the Perspective of Human Wellbeing	p. 332
Perception as a Prerequisite for Valuation	p. 336
Alternatives for the Evaluation of Impacts: from Valuation to Deliberation	p. 338
Risk Assessment	p. 340
Cost-Benefit Analysis	p. 341
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis	p. 341
Multi-Criteria Analysis	p. 342
Scenario Development	p. 342
Concluding Remarks	p. 343
References	p. 344
Prevention and Management of Biological Invasions
Short Introduction	p. 351
Economic Analysis of Invasive Species Policies	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Economic Instruments as Measures for Preventing Invasions	p. 356
Risk-Related Taxes	p. 356
Risk-Related Import Tariffs	p. 357
Tradable Permits	p. 358
Trade-offs Between Prevention and Control Strategies	p. 359
Uncertainty Surrounding Invasion Risk	p. 361
Discussion	p. 362
References	p. 364
Phytosanitary Measures to Prevent the Introduction of Invasive Species	p. 367
Introduction	p. 367
International Regulatory Organizations	p. 369
Phytosanitary Measures	p. 370
Phytosanitary Measures that Do not Involve Commodity Treatment	p. 370
Non-Host Status	p. 371
Systems Approach	p. 372
Phytosanitary Treatments	p. 374
Cold Treatment	p. 375
Heated Air	p. 376
Hydrogen Cyanide Fumigation	p. 377
Methyl Bromide Fumigation	p. 377
Phosphine Fumigation	p. 378
Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation	p. 378
Hot Water Immersion	p. 379
Pesticidal Dips or Sprays	p. 379
Ionizing Irradiation	p. 379
Miscellaneous Treatments	p. 380
Researched but not yet Applied Treatments	p. 381
Future Challenges	p. 381
References	p. 382
Limits and Potentialities of Eradication as a Tool for Addressing Biological Invasions	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Definition	p. 385
History and Recent Developments	p. 386
Outcomes	p. 388
Key Elements of Eradications	p. 389
Biological Aspects	p. 389
Lag Phase	p. 390
Removal Methods	p. 391
Costs	p. 393
Legal and Organizational Constraints	p. 394
Human Dimensions	p. 396
Management Implications	p. 397
How to Plan an Eradication	p. 397
Rapid Response to New Invasions	p. 397
Planning the Eradication of Established Populations	p. 398
Legal-Organizational Aspects	p. 398
Removal Methods	p. 399
Eradication vs. Control	p. 399
Monitoring	p. 399
References	p. 400
Pros and Cons of Biological Control	p. 403
Introduction	p. 403
Pros of Biological Control	p. 404
Cons of Biological Control	p. 405
Weed Biological Control	p. 405
Arthropod Biological Control	p. 406
Harmonia axyridis, a Case Study	p. 408
Why Has H. axyridis Become Invasive?	p. 411
How to Avoid 'Harmonia Cases'?	p. 412
Conclusions	p. 415
References	p. 416
General Conclusion, or what Has to be Done now?	p. 419
Need for more Research	p. 419
Management from Detection to Eradication or Control	p. 420
Technical Solutions	p. 421
Legislation and Administration	p. 422
Socio-Economy and Education	p. 423
Subject Index	p. 425
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Ecological Studies

At a Glance

Paperback

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