| Prologue | p. xv |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| List of Symbols | p. xxi |
| Foundations | |
| Introduction: The Basic Challenge | p. 3 |
| The Climate System | p. 3 |
| Some Basic Observations | p. 4 |
| External Forcing | p. 9 |
| The Ice-Age Problem | p. 14 |
| Techniques for Climate Reconstruction | p. 17 |
| Historical Methods | p. 17 |
| Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence | p. 18 |
| Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice | p. 20 |
| Isotopic Methods | p. 23 |
| Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods | p. 26 |
| Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry) | p. 27 |
| A Survey of Global Paleoclimatic Variations | p. 30 |
| The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My) | p. 31 |
| The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My) | p. 34 |
| The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My) | p. 35 |
| Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events | p. 37 |
| The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka) | p. 38 |
| Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky | p. 39 |
| The Past 100 Years | p. 40 |
| The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance | p. 41 |
| A Qualitative Discussion of Causes | p. 44 |
| General Theoretical Considerations | p. 47 |
| The Fundamental Equations | p. 47 |
| Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing | p. 51 |
| Response Times and Equilibrium | p. 55 |
| Spatial Averaging | p. 60 |
| Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations | p. 63 |
| Special Theoretical Considerations for Paleoclimate: Structuring a Dynamical Approach | p. 68 |
| A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow | p. 69 |
| An Overall Strategy | p. 72 |
| Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability | p. 74 |
| A Structured Dynamical Approach | p. 76 |
| The External Forcing Function, F | p. 82 |
| Basic Concepts of Dynamical Systems Analysis: Prototypical Climatic Applications | p. 84 |
| Local (or Internal) Stability | p. 84 |
| The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity | p. 86 |
| Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory | p. 87 |
| Multivariable Systems | p. 92 |
| A Prototype Two-Variable Model | p. 95 |
| The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing | p. 103 |
| More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos | p. 108 |
| Physics of the Separate Domains | |
| Modeling the Atmosphere and Surface State as Fast-Response Components | p. 113 |
| The General Circulation Model | p. 114 |
| Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model | p. 115 |
| Thermodynamic Models | p. 119 |
| The Basic Energy Balance Model | p. 121 |
| Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM | p. 123 |
| Stochastic Resonance | p. 127 |
| The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM | p. 129 |
| Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM | p. 132 |
| Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments | p. 134 |
| Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State | p. 139 |
| Paleoclimatic Simulations | p. 143 |
| The Slow-Response "Control" Variables: An Overview | p. 146 |
| The Ice Sheets | p. 147 |
| Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide | p. 149 |
| The Thermohaline Ocean State | p. 151 |
| A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory | p. 154 |
| Global Dynamics of the Ice Sheets | p. 158 |
| Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions | p. 158 |
| A Scale Analysis | p. 163 |
| The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model | p. 166 |
| The Surface Mass Balance | p. 168 |
| Basal Temperature and Melting | p. 169 |
| Deformable Basal Regolith | p. 171 |
| Ice Streams and Ice Shelves | p. 172 |
| Bedrock Depression | p. 172 |
| Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis | p. 173 |
| Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model | p. 176 |
| A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass | p. 177 |
| Dynamics of Atmospheric CO[subscript 2] | p. 181 |
| The Air-Sea Flux, Q | p. 183 |
| Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W[subscript G] | p. 192 |
| Outgassing Processes, V | p. 196 |
| Rock Weathering Downdraw, W | p. 197 |
| A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO[subscript 2] | p. 200 |
| Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO[subscript 2] Variations, [mu]: Long-Term Rock Processes | p. 200 |
| Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle | p. 205 |
| Simplified Dynamics of the Thermohaline Ocean State | p. 206 |
| General Equations | p. 208 |
| A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model | p. 210 |
| The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations | p. 211 |
| The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State | p. 216 |
| Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State | p. 226 |
| Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: [theta] and S[subscript [phi] | p. 229 |
| Unified Dynamical Theory | |
| The Coupled Fast- and Slow-Response Variables as a Global Dynamical System: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation | p. 235 |
| The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model | p. 236 |
| Feedback-Loop Representation | p. 238 |
| Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold | p. 241 |
| Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants | p. 242 |
| Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations | p. 244 |
| Forced Evolution of the Tectonic-Mean Climatic State | p. 247 |
| Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate | p. 248 |
| General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h) | p. 249 |
| Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides | p. 253 |
| Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO[subscript 2] | p. 255 |
| Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State | p. 260 |
| Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs | p. 261 |
| The Late Cenozoic Ice-Age Departures: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models | p. 262 |
| General Review: Forced vs. Free Models | p. 262 |
| Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1) | p. 266 |
| Ice-Sheet Inertia Models | p. 267 |
| The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models | p. 271 |
| Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables | p. 272 |
| Carbon Dioxide, [mu] (Box 10) | p. 274 |
| Summary | p. 276 |
| A Global Theory of the Late Cenozoic Ice Ages: Glacial Onset and Oscillation | p. 278 |
| Specialization of the Model | p. 279 |
| The 100-ky Oscillation as a Free Response: Determination of the Adjustable Parameters | p. 282 |
| Milankovitch Forcing of the Free Oscillation | p. 286 |
| Structural Stability as a Function of the Tectonic CO[subscript 2] Level | p. 288 |
| A More Complete Solution | p. 290 |
| Predictions | p. 295 |
| Robustness and Sensitivity | p. 297 |
| Summary: A Revival of the CO[subscript 2] Theory of the Ice Ages | p. 298 |
| Millennial-Scale Variations | p. 301 |
| Theory of Heinrich Oscillations | p. 303 |
| Dynamics of the D-O Scale Oscillations | p. 311 |
| Closing Thoughts: Epilogue | p. 314 |
| Toward a More Complete Theory | p. 314 |
| Epilogue: The "Ice Ages" and "Physics" | p. 318 |
| Bibliography | p. 321 |
| Index | p. 343 |
| List of Volumes in the Series | p. 351 |
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