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Drm, a Design Research Methodology

By: Lucienne T.M. Blessing, Amaresh Chakrabarti

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Hardcover | 30 June 2009

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416 Pages

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22.86 x 15.88 x 3.18

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The initial motivator for the development of DRM, a Design Research Methodology, and the subsequent writing of this book was our frustration about the lack of a common terminology, benchmarked research methods, and above all, a common research methodology in design. A shared view of the goals and framework for doing design research was missing. Design is a multidisciplinary activity occurring in multiple application areas and involving multiple stakeholders. As a consequence, design research emerges in a variety of disciplines for a variety of applications with a variety of subjects. This makes it particularly difficult to review its literature, relate various pieces of work, find common ground, and validate and share results that are so essential for sustained progress in a research community. Above all, design research needs to be successful not only in an academic sense, but also in a practical sense. How could we help the community develop knowledge that is both academically and practically worthwhile? Each of us had our individual ideas of how this situation could be improved. Lucienne Blessing, while finishing her thesis that involved studying and improving the design process, developed valuable insights about the importance and relationship of empirical studies in developing and evaluating these improvements. Amaresh Chakrabarti, while finishing his thesis on developing and evaluating computational tools for improving products, had developed valuable insights about integrating and improving the processes of building and evaluating tools.

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Paperback

Published: 26th November 2014

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Introduction	p. 1
Design	p. 1
Design Research	p. 2
Main Issues	p. 6
Lack of Overview of Existing Research	p. 6
Lack of Use of Results in Practice	p. 7
Lack of Scientific Rigour	p. 8
Need for a Design Research Methodology	p. 9
Objectives	p. 10
Structure of This Book	p. 11
Main Points	p. 12
DRM: A Design Research Methodology	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Methodological Framework	p. 14
Types of Research Within the DRM Framework	p. 18
Representing Existing and Desired Situations	p. 19
Graphical Representation	p. 20
From Reference Model to Impact Model	p. 24
Success Criteria and Measurable Success Criteria	p. 26
The Main Stages	p. 29
Research Clarification (RC)	p. 29
Descriptive Study I (DS-I)	p. 31
Prescriptive Study (PS)	p. 33
Descriptive Study II (DS-II)	p. 35
Summary	p. 38
Comparison with Other Methodologies	p. 38
Main Points	p. 41
Research Clarification	p. 43
Research Clarification Process	p. 44
Identifying Overall Topic of Interest	p. 45
Clarifying Current Understanding and Expectations	p. 51
Clarifying Criteria, Main Questions and Hypotheses	p. 57
Criteria	p. 57
Research Questions and Hypotheses	p. 59
Selecting Type of Research	p. 60
Determining Areas of Relevance and Contribution	p. 63
Formulating Overall Research Plan	p. 67
Overall Research Plan	p. 67
Visualisation Exercise	p. 68
Reflection on RC	p. 69
General Guidelines on Doing Research	p. 70
Main Points	p. 72
Descriptive Study I: Understanding Design	p. 75
Schools of Thought	p. 76
Types of DS-I	p. 80
DS-I Process Steps	p. 80
Reviewing Literature	p. 81
Identifying Literature	p. 82
Summarising Literature	p. 83
Updating Reference and Impact Models	p. 86
Determining Research Focus	p. 89
Identifying and Defining Factors and Links of Interest	p. 89
Formulating Research Questions and Hypotheses	p. 90
Techniques for Refining Research Questions and Hypotheses	p. 96
Focusing the Set of Research Questions and Hypotheses	p. 101
Developing Research Plan for DS-I	p. 102
Selection of Methods	p. 102
Selection of Data-collection Methods	p. 103
Detailing the Research Plan	p. 109
Pilot Study	p. 114
Undertaking an Empirical Study	p. 114
Collecting Data	p. 115
Processing Data	p. 116
Analysing and Interpreting Data	p. 121
Verifying Results	p. 124
Drawing Conclusions	p. 128
Updating the Initial Reference Model	p. 129
Determining Further Empirical Studies	p. 130
Drawing Overall Conclusions	p. 131
Combining Results of Empirical Studies	p. 131
Completing the Reference Model and Updating the Initial Impact Model	p. 132
Documenting Research	p. 135
Consequences and Suggestions for the Intended Support	p. 136
Determining Next Stage	p. 136
Determining Future Work	p. 136
Main Points	p. 137
Prescriptive Study: Developing Design Support	p. 141
Types of Design Support	p. 142
Types of PS	p. 143
A Systematic PS Process	p. 144
Task Clarification	p. 148
Conceptualisation	p. 153
Determining Main Functions	p. 153
Generating and Selecting Support Concepts	p. 155
Introduction Plan	p. 159
Elaboration	p. 164
Realisation	p. 167
Core Contributions, Support Functionalities and Outline Evaluation Plan	p. 167
Developing Actual Support	p. 169
Actual Introduction Plan and Actual Impact Model	p. 171
Tool Development	p. 173
Support Evaluation	p. 176
Main Points	p. 178
Descritptive Study II: Evaluating Design Support	p. 181
Evaluation	p. 182
Importance of Evaluation	p. 182
Types of Evaluation in DRM	p. 184
Synthesis Example	p. 186
DS-I Versus DS-II	p. 189
Existing Evaluation Approaches	p. 190
Types of DS-II	p. 195
Initial DS-II	p. 195
Comprehensive DS-II	p. 195
Systematic DS-II Process	p. 196
Reviewing Existing Documentation	p. 197
Determining Evaluation Focus	p. 199
Aspects to be Considered	p. 199
Determine Focus	p. 201
Developing Evaluation Plan(s)	p. 201
Develop Measurements	p. 202
Evaluation Plan	p. 204
Pilot Study	p. 209
Undertaking Evaluation	p. 209
Drawing Overall Conclusions	p. 211
Main Points	p. 212
Writing Up: Publishing Results	p. 215
Various Forms of Publication and Their Intent	p. 216
Overall Structure of a Thesis	p. 217
Approaches to Help Structure a Thesis	p. 219
Table of Content Approach	p. 219
Presentation Approach	p. 219
Methodical Design Approach	p. 220
Question and Answer Approach	p. 220
Tips on Writing Specific Sections	p. 221
Writing the Table of Contents and Other Lists	p. 221
Writing the Introduction	p. 221
Writing the Literature Review	p. 222
Writing the Research Approach	p. 224
Writing the Outcomes	p. 224
Writing the Conclusions and Acknowledgements	p. 225
Writing the Reference List and Bibliography	p. 226
Writing Papers	p. 227
General Guidelines	p. 227
About Content	p. 227
About Form	p. 228
Main Points	p. 229
Summary and Conclusions	p. 231
Experience of Using DRM	p. 231
Feedback from the Summer School on Engineering Design Research	p. 233
Feedback from the Design Research Methodology Course	p. 235
Other Sources	p. 236
Further Research	p. 237
Descriptive Study Methods	p. 239
Paradigms and Assumptions	p. 239
Paradigms	p. 240
Assumptions	p. 242
Reviewing Empirical Studies	p. 243
Aim, Research Questions, Hypotheses	p. 245
Nature of the Study	p. 245
Theoretical Basis	p. 245
Unit of Analysis	p. 246
Data-collection Method	p. 246
Role of Researcher	p. 247
Time Constraint	p. 248
Continuation	p. 248
Duration	p. 248
Observed Process	p. 248
Setting	p. 249
Task	p. 249
Number of Cases	p. 250
Case Size	p. 250
Participants	p. 251
Object	p. 251
Coding and Analysis Method(s)	p. 251
Verification Method(s)	p. 251
Findings	p. 252
Notes	p. 252
Example	p. 252
Laboratory Versus Industrial Environment	p. 254
Data-collection Methods	p. 254
Observation	p. 257
Simultaneous Verbalisation	p. 262
Experiments, Quasi-experiments and Non-experiments	p. 264
Case Study	p. 268
Collecting Documents	p. 269
Collecting Products	p. 269
Questionnaires	p. 269
Interviewing	p. 271
Action Research	p. 273
Statistical Analysis	p. 273
Prescriptive Study Methods	p. 277
Product Development Methodologies	p. 277
Methods for Analysing Objectives and Establishing Requirements	p. 278
Methods for Synthesising Support Proposals	p. 279
Methods for Simulating Support Behaviour	p. 280
Methods for Evaluating and Selecting Support Proposals	p. 281
Software Development Approaches	p. 282
A Design Support Software Development Methodology	p. 282
Software Development Paradigms	p. 283
Generic Software Development Methodologies	p. 285
The Waterfall Model	p. 286
Generic Technologies	p. 290
CASE Tools	p. 294
User-interface Design	p. 295
User-interface Development Issues	p. 295
Levels of Abstraction	p. 297
User-interface Development Processes and Methods	p. 297
Interactive Software Development Environments	p. 300
User-interface Evaluation	p. 300
Support Outline: Summarising Scope and Assumptions	p. 301
Example Research Projects	p. 305
Overview of the Examples	p. 305
A Process-based Approach to Computer-supported Engineering Design	p. 307
Introduction and Aim of Research	p. 307
Research Approach	p. 308
Results	p. 311
Evaluation of the Results	p. 314
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 316
Continuation	p. 316
References	p. 316
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 316
A Program for Computational Synthesis and Conceptual Design Support	p. 318
Introduction and Aim of Research	p. 318
Research Approach	p. 319
Results	p. 322
Evaluation of Results	p. 324
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 325
Continuation	p. 325
References	p. 326
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 326
Teamwork in Engineering Design	p. 328
Introduction and Aim of Research	p. 328
Research Approach	p. 329
Results	p. 334
Evaluation of Results	p. 336
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 336
Continuation	p. 337
References	p. 337
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 338
Measuring Conceptual Design Process Performance in Mechanical Engineering: A Question-based Approach	p. 339
Introduction and Aim of Research	p. 339
Research Approach	p. 340
Results and Evaluation of Results	p. 344
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 348
Continuation	p. 349
References	p. 349
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 350
Design for Quality	p. 351
Introduction and Aim of Research	p. 351
Research Approach	p. 353
Results	p. 355
Evaluation of Results	p. 358
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 359
Continuation	p. 359
References	p. 359
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 360
Multi-disciplinary Design Problems	p. 361
Introduction and Aims of the Research	p. 361
Research Approach	p. 363
Results and their Evaluation	p. 366
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 368
Continuation of Project	p. 368
References	p. 369
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 370
Design for Reliability in Mechanical System	p. 371
Introduction and Aim of Research	p. 371
Research Approach	p. 372
Results	p. 376
Evaluation of the Results	p. 378
Conclusions About the Research Approach	p. 379
Continuation	p. 380
References	p. 380
Reflections from the DRM Perspective	p. 380
References	p. 383
Index	p. 393
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Drm, a Design Research Methodology

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Hardcover

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