Digital Hardware Testing

Transistor-level Fault Modeling and Testing

By: Rochit Rajsuman

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Hardcover | 1 December 1992

At a Glance

Hardcover
340 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
24.13 x 16.51 x 1.91

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Digital Hardware Testing presents realistic transistor-level fault models and testing methods for all types of circuits. The discussion details design-for-testability and built-in self-test methods, with coverage of boundary scan and emerging technologies such as partial scan, cross check, and circular self-test-path.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electronic Devices & Materials Transistors Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Mechanical Engineering & Materials Production & Industrial Engineering Reliability Engineering Computing & I.T.Computer Hardware

Storage Media & Peripherals Materials Science Testing of Materials Non-Destructive Testing Circuits & Components Energy Technology & Engineering Electrical Engineering

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction to Digital IC Testing	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Testing Problem and Considerations	p. 2
Computational Complexity of Testing Problem	p. 3
Estimation of Difficulty in Controllability and Observability	p. 4
Summary	p. 8
Problems	p. 8
	p. 8
Faults in Digital Circuits	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
General VLSI Fault Models	p. 10
Stuck-at Fault Model	p. 10
Bridging and Open Fault Model	p. 11
Fault Equivalence, Dominance, and Collapsing	p. 13
Parametric and Transient Faults	p. 14
Delay Fault Models	p. 14
Specific Fault Models	p. 15
PLA Fault Model	p. 15
Memory Fault Model	p. 16
Microprocessor Fault Model	p. 17
Summary	p. 18
Problems	p. 18
References	p. 19
Bridging Faults in Random Logic	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Characterization of Bridging Faults	p. 21
Bridging within a Logic Element	p. 22
Bridging of Logical Nodes without Feedback	p. 25
Bridging of Logical Nodes with Feedback	p. 33
Bridging in Dynamic Gates	p. 37
CMOS Domino Logic	p. 38
Cascade Voltage Switch Logic	p. 40
Clocked CMOS Logic	p. 40
Effect of Substrate Connection	p. 42
Summary	p. 49
Problems	p. 50
References	p. 51
Open Faults in Random Logic	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Modeling of Open Faults	p. 53
Problems in Testing Open Faults	p. 55
Test Invalidation by Timing Skews	p. 55
Test Invalidation by Charge Distribution	p. 57
Test Invalidation Due to Glitches	p. 57
Methods to Test Stuck-Open Faults	p. 59
Robust Test Sequences	p. 59
Testable Designs	p. 60
Testability of Dynamic Circuits	p. 67
Summary	p. 68
Problems	p. 68
References	p. 69
Test Generation and Fault Simulation	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Test Generation at Gate Level	p. 71
Boolean Difference Method	p. 72
Path Sensitization and D-Algorithm	p. 75
Algorithm PODEM	p. 78
Algorithm FAN	p. 79
Fault Coverage by a Test	p. 82
Critical Path Tracing	p. 83
Multiple Faults	p. 87
Random Test Generation	p. 89
Test Generation at Switch Level	p. 93
Fault Simulation	p. 96
Summary	p. 98
Problems	p. 99
References	p. 99
Testing of Structured Designs (PLAs)	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Structure of a PLA	p. 101
Easily Testable PLA	p. 105
PLA Testing with Parity Trees	p. 105
Universal Test Set for Easily Testable PLAs	p. 106
Variations of Parity-Based Testable Design	p. 109
Built-in Self-Test PLA	p. 111
Testing of EEPLA	p. 111
Testing for Multiple Faults in PLA	p. 116
Fault Isolation and Reconfiguration	p. 119
Summary	p. 120
Problems	p. 122
References	p. 122
Testing of Random Access Memory	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Test Algorithms	p. 123
Algorithm GALPAT	p. 124
Checker Pattern Test	p. 124
Galloping Diagonal/Row/Column Test	p. 125
Marching 1/0 Test Algorithm	p. 126
Modified Marching 1/0 Test	p. 126
Comparison and Modification for Word-Oriented Memory	p. 127
Testable Designs	p. 129
BIST Memory	p. 130
Memory Partitioning Methods	p. 131
STD Architecture	p. 134
Fault Diagnosis and Reconfiguration	p. 138
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 139
Summary	p. 142
Problems	p. 142
References	p. 143
Testing of Sequential Circuits	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Testing Problem in Sequential Circuits	p. 145
State Table Approach	p. 146
Initialization of Sequential Circuits	p. 146
State Table Verification	p. 151
Gate Level Test Generation Methods	p. 152
Sequential Test Generation by Boolean Difference	p. 153
Iterative Logic Array Model	p. 155
Simulation-Based Test Generation	p. 164
Divide and Conquer	p. 166
Synthesis for Testability	p. 170
Summary	p. 171
Problems	p. 172
References	p. 173
Microprocessor Testing	p. 175
Introduction	p. 175
Microprocessor Description and Testing	p. 175
Instruction Set Verification	p. 176
Machine-Level Verification	p. 176
Microinstruction-Level Verification	p. 182
Bit-Sliced Microprocessors	p. 186
Testing of One-Bit Slice	p. 187
Testing of k-Bit Processor	p. 189
Concurrent Checking	p. 191
Error-Detecting Codes	p. 192
Check-Point Technique	p. 192
Watchdog Processor	p. 194
Summary	p. 194
References	p. 195
Design for Testability	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
SCAN Design	p. 197
Multiplexed Data Scan Design	p. 198
Level Sensitive Scan Design	p. 200
Pros and Cons	p. 203
Partial SCAN	p. 204
Boundary SCAN	p. 207
Basic Concept	p. 207
Test Access Port	p. 209
Cross-Check Design	p. 212
Built-in Self-Test	p. 216
Test Pattern Generators	p. 217
Deterministic Test Pattern Generators	p. 217
Pseudorandom Test Vectors	p. 217
Pseudoexhaustive	p. 222
Response Compression for BIST	p. 223
Parity Testing	p. 224
One-Count Testing	p. 224
Syndrome Testing	p. 225
Transition Count	p. 226
Signature Analysis	p. 227
BIST Test Structures	p. 232
Built-in Logic Block Observer (BILBO)	p. 232
Self-Test Using MISRs and Parallel SRSGs (STUMPS)	p. 233
Circular Self-Test Path	p. 234
Summary	p. 235
Problems	p. 236
References	p. 237
Current Testing	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Basic Concept	p. 239
Estimation of Fault-Free Current	p. 244
Current Through a Single Gate	p. 244
Estimation of Current in a Circuit	p. 247
Current Sensing Techniques	p. 249
External Current Sensor	p. 249
Built-in Current Sensor	p. 252
Test Generation for IDDQ Testing	p. 254
Summary	p. 257
Problems	p. 260
References	p. 260
Reliability Testing	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Component Quality and Fault Coverage	p. 264
Reliability and Failure Rate	p. 265
Failure Mechanisms	p. 269
Chip Related Failures	p. 269
Assembly Related Failures	p. 271
Operation Induced Failures	p. 273
Application Induced Failures	p. 279
Reliability Test Methods	p. 281
Accelerated Reliability Testing	p. 282
Temperature Acceleration	p. 285
Current Acceleration	p. 287
Voltage Acceleration	p. 288
Temperature-Humidity Acceleration	p. 290
Vibration and Shock Acceleration	p. 291
Temperature, Humidity, and Power Cycling	p. 291
Burn-in	p. 292
Testing of Application Induced Failures	p. 293
Summary	p. 294
Problems	p. 294
References	p. 294
Appendix A	p. 297
Error Models	p. 297
Computation of Aliasing Probability	p. 298
Annotated Bibliography	p. 303
Index	p. 311
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Digital Hardware Testing

Transistor-level Fault Modeling and Testing

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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