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'Digital architecture' is a relatively recent critical concept and encompasses all aspects of the discipline of architecture engaging with computation. It has evolved into a domain in its own right, as it were, rather than always being present from the first time architects ceded slide rule use in favour of electronically assisted computation. As this major collection reveals, we have witnessed growth of a creative digital influence across all of architecture's subdisciplines and few can deny that there is now a maturity in the conversation which had been previously quite elusive. As a major work of collected critical insights Digital Architecture therefore compiles the key texts that will be as useful to the initiate as to the experienced professional, as relevant to the academician as to the practitioner and as revealing to the sceptic as they will be to the digitally converted. It does not promote any particular stream of innovation nor establish any particular cultural agenda.
The focus of the collection is the contemporary period extending from the late 1980s to the present day contextualised through the inclusion of key texts from the earlier pioneers, ordered into six sections. Each section is arranged in chronological order except where thematic clustering helps consolidate the material more usefully for the reader.
A review of the best material that has brought us to an emerging digital design maturity, fully indexed, this will be a very valuable reference for all.
Volume 1
Part 1: Info and Data Management
1. Yehuda E. Kalay, âRedefining the Role of Computers in Architecture: From Drafting/Modelling Tools to Knowledge-Based Design Assistantsâ, Computer-Aided Design, 17, 7, 1985, pp.319â"328.
2. Bo-Christer Bj¶rk and Hannu Penttil¤, âA Scenario for the Development and Implementation of a Building Product Model Standardâ, Advances in Engineering Software, 11, 4, 1989, pp.176â"187.
3. John S. Gero, âDesign Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Designâ, AI Magazine, 11, 4, 1990, pp.26-36.
4. George Stiny, âThe Algebras of Designâ, Research in Engineering Design, 2, 3, 1991, pp.171-181.
5. Raºl Medina-Mora, Terry Winograd, Rodrigo Flores, and Fernando Flores, âThe Action Workflow Approach to Workflow Management Technologyâ, in Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, (Toronto: ACM, 1992), pp.281-288.
6. Rivka E. Oxman and Robert M. Oxman, âRefinement and Adaptation in Design Cognitionâ, Design Studies, 13, 2, 1992, pp.117-134.
7. Robert Amor and Ihsan Faraj, âMisconceptions About Integrated Project Databasesâ, ITcon, 6, 2001, pp.57-68
8. Brad Johanson, Armando Fox, and Terry Winograd, âThe Interactive Workspaces Project: Experiences with Ubiquitous Computing Roomsâ, IEEE Pervasive Computing, 1, 2, 2002, pp.67-74.
9. Charles Eastman, Rafael Sacks, Ghang Lee, âStrategies for Realizing the Benefits of 3D Integrated Modeling of Buildings for the AEC Industryâ, in 19th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, (Washington DC: ISARC 2002), pp.9-14.
10. J.P. Van Leeuwen, and S. Fridqvist, âObject Version Control for Collaborative Designâ, in Tun§er, -zsariyildiz, and Sariyildiz (eds.), E-Activities in Building Design and Construction, Proceedings of the 9th EuropIA International Conference, (Istanbul: EuropIA Productions, 2003), pp.129-139.
11. Robert F. Woodbury, and Andrew L. Burrow, âWhither Design Space?â, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 20, 2, 2006, pp.63-82.
12. A. Burke âRedefining Network Paradigmsâ, in A. Burke and T. Tierney (eds), Network Practices, New Strategies in Architecture and Design, (NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), pp. 54-77.
13. Dennis Shelden, âInformation Modelling as a Paradigm Shiftâ, Architectural Design, 79, 2, 2009, pp.80-83.
Part 2: Digital Representation
1. Tsuyoshi T. Sasada, âDrawing Natural Scenery by Computer Graphicsâ, Computer-Aided Design, 19, 4, 1987, pp.212-218.
2. M. Tan, âSaying What It is by What It is like - Describing Shapes Using Line Relationshipsâ, In M.McCullough, W.J. Mitchell, and P.Purcell (eds), The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the
Volume 1
Part 1: Information and Data Management
1. Yehuda E. Kalay, âRedefining the Role of Computers in Architecture: From Drafting/Modelling Tools to Knowledge-Based Design Assistantsâ, Computer-Aided Design, 17, 7, 1985, 319â"328.
2. Bo-Christer Bj¶rk and Hannu Penttil¤, âA Scenario for the Development and Implementation of a Building Product Model Standardâ, Advances in Engineering Software, 11, 4, 1989, 176â"187.
3. John S. Gero, âDesign Prototypes: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Designâ, AI Magazine, 11, 4, 1990, 26-36.
4. George Stiny, âThe Algebras of Designâ, Research in Engineering Design, 2, 3, 1991, 171-181.
5. Raºl Medina-Mora, Terry Winograd, Rodrigo Flores and Fernando Flores, âThe Action Workflow Approach to Workflow Management Technologyâ, in Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work (Toronto: ACM, 1992), pp. 281-288.
6. Rivka E. Oxman and Robert M. Oxman, âRefinement and Adaptation in Design Cognitionâ, Design Studies, 13, 2, 1992, 117-134.
7. Robert Amor and Ihsan Faraj, âMisconceptions About Integrated Project Databasesâ, ITcon, 6, 2001, 57-68.
8. Brad Johanson, Armando Fox, and Terry Winograd, âThe Interactive Workspaces Project: Experiences with Ubiquitous Computing Roomsâ, IEEE Pervasive Computing, 1, 2, 2002, 67-74.
9. Charles Eastman, Rafael Sacks, Ghang Lee, âStrategies for Realizing the Benefits of 3D Integrated Modeling of Buildings for the AEC Industryâ, in 19th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (Washington DC: ISARC 2002), pp. 9-14.
10. Jos P. Van Leeuwen, and Sverker Fridqvist, âObject Version Control for Collaborative Designâ, in Tun§er, -zsariyildiz, and Sariyildiz (eds.), E-Activities in Building Design and Construction, Proceedings of the 9th EuropIA International Conference, (Istanbul: EuropIA Productions, 2003), pp. 129-139.
11. Robert F. Woodbury, and Andrew L. Burrow, âWhither Design Space?â, Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 20, 2, 2006, 63-82.
12. Anthony Burke âRedefining Network Paradigmsâ, in A. Burke and T. Tierney (eds), Network Practices, New Strategies in Architecture and Design (NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), pp. 38-61.
13. Dennis Shelden, âInformation Modelling as a Paradigm Shiftâ, Architectural Design, 79, 2, 2009, 80-83.
Part 2: Digital Representation
14. Tsuyoshi T. Sasada, âDrawing Natural Scenery by Computer Graphicsâ, Computer-Aided Design, 19, 4, 1987, 212-218.
15. Milton Tan, âSaying What It is by What It is Like - Describing Shapes Using Line Relationshipsâ, in M. McCullough, W. J. Mitchell and P. Purcell (eds), The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era, CAAD Futures (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 201-214.
16. Xiao D. He, Kenneth E. Torrance, Fran§ois X. Sillion and Donald P. Greenberg, âA Comprehensive Physical Model for Light Reflectionâ, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH '91) (ACM, New York, NY, USA), pp. 175-186.
17. Gerhard N. Schmitt, and Chen-Cheng Chen, âClasses of Design â" Classes of Methods â" Classes of Toolsâ, Design Studies, 12, 4, 1991, 246-251.
18. Mark D. Gross and Ellen Yi-Luen Do, âAmbiguous Intentions: A Paper-Like Interface for Creative Designâ, in Proceedings of the 9th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Seattle: ACM, 1996), pp. 183-192.
19. Alan Bridges and Dimitrios Charitos, âOn Architectural Design in Virtual Environmentsâ, Design Studies, 18, 2, 1997, 143-154.
20. Paul Richens, âImage Processing for Urban Scale Environmental Modellingâ, in Proceedings of the 5th International IBPSA Conference: Building Simulation 97 (Prague: IBPSA, 1997), pp. 1-9.
21. Pia Ednie-Brown, âThe Texture of Diagramsâ, Daidalos: Diagrammania, 74, 2000, 72-79.
22. Alexander Koutamanis, âDigital Architectural Visualizationâ, Automation in Construction, 9, 4, 2000, 253-261.
23. H. H. Achten, âRequirements for Collaborative Design in Architectureâ, In H. J. P. Timmermans and B. de Vries, (eds), Proceedings of the Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Conference (Avegoor, The Netherlands, 2002), pp. 373-392.
24. Tom Maver and Jelena Petric, âSustainability: Real and/or Virtual?â, Automation in Construction, 12, 6, 2003, 641-648.
25. F. Penz, 'Architecture and the Screen from Photography to Synthetic Imaging: Capturing and Building Space, Time and Motion', in F. Penz and M. Thomas (eds), Architectures of Illusionâ"From Motion Pictures to Navigable Interactive Environments (Chicago: Intellect Ltd, 2003), pp. 135-164.
26. Andr© G. P. Brown, âVisualization as a Common Design Language: Connecting Art and Scienceâ, Automation in Construction, 12, 6, 2003, 703-713.
27. Carlo Ratti and Paul Richens, âRaster Analysis of Urban Formâ, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31, 2, 2004, 297-309.
28. Ben Van Berkel and Caroline Bos, âDesign Models', in UN Studio, Design Models: Architecture, Urbanism, Infrastructure (London: Thames & Hudson, 2006), pp.10-23.
Volume 2
Part 3: Computer Scienceâs Philosophical Contributions to the Culture of Architecture
29. Gordon Pask, âThe Architectural Relevance of Keneticsâ, Architectural Design, 39, 9, 1969, 494-496.
30. John von Neumann, âThe Role of High and of Extremely High Complicationâ and âRe-evaluation of the Problems of Complicated Automata â" Problems of Hierarchy and Evolutionâ, in Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (Urbana: University Illinois Press, 1966) pp.64-87.
31. Gerard de Zeeuw, âProblems of Increasing Competenceâ, Systems Research, 2, 1, 1985, 13-19.
32. Dirk J. Struik, âThe Sociology of Mathematics Revisited: A Personal Noteâ, Science & Society, 50, 3, 1986, 280-99.
33. Lucien Kroll, âComputersâ, in The Architecture of Complexity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987), pp.91-114.
34. Ivan E. Sutherland, âMicropipelinesâ, Communications of the ACM, 32, 6, 1989, 720-738.
35. William Mitchell, âDesign Worldsâ, in The Logic of Architecture: Design Computation and Cognition (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 37-57.
36. Jeffrey Kipnis, 'Towards a New Architecture', in Architectural Design, 63, 3-4, 1993, 40-49.
37. John H. Frazer, âThe Architectural Relevance of Cyberneticsâ, Systems Research, 10, 3, 1993, 43-48.
38. Richard Coyne, âHeidegger and Virtual Reality: The Implications of Heidegger's Thinking for Computer Representationsâ, Leonardo, 27, 1, 1994, 65-73.
39. Bernard Cache, âA Plea for Euclidâ, ANY: Architecture New York, 24, 1999, 54-59.
40. Paul Coates, Terence Broughton and Helen Jackson, âExploring Three-Dimensional Design Worlds Using Lindenmeyer Systems and Genetic Programmingâ, in P. J. Bentley (ed.), Evolutionary Design by Computers (Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann, 1999), pp. 323-341.
41. Karl S Chu and X. Kavya, âThe Turing Dimensionâ, in F. Migayrou, B. Simonot and M. A. Brayer (eds), ArchiLab: Radical Experiments in Global Architecture (London: Thames & Hudson, 2001), pp. 490-494.
42. Ranulph Glanville, âAn Intelligent Architectureâ, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 7, 2, 2001, 12-24.
43. Patrick Janssen, John Frazer and Tang Ming-Xi, âEvolutionary Design Systems and Generative Processesâ, Applied Intelligence, 16, 2, 2002, 119-128.
44. Manuel DeLanda, âDeleuze and the Use of the Genetic Algorithm in Architectureâ, in Neil Leach (ed.), Designing for a Digital World (Sussex: Wiley-Academy Press, 2002), pp. 117-120.
45. Sanford Kwinter, âThe Complex and the Singularâ, in Architectures of Time: Toward a Theory of the Event in Modernist Culture (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002), pp. 3-31.
46. Lars Spuybroek, âThe Structure of Vaguenessâ, in L. Spuybroek, (ed), NOX Machining Architecture (London: Thames and Hudson, 2004), pp. 352-359
47. Ali Rahim, âAffects and Effectsâ, in Catalytic Formations: Architecture and Digital Design (Oxon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2006), pp. 136-187.
48. Michael Speaks, âIntelligence After Theoryâ, Perspecta, 38, 2006, 103-108
49. Usman Haque, âThe Architectural Relevance of Gordon Paskâ, Architectural Design, 77, 4, 2007, 54-61.
50. Neil Leach, 'Swarm Urbanism', Architectural Design, 79, 4, 2009, 56-63.
51. Patrik Schumacher, âParametricism: A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Designâ, Architectural Design, 79, 4, 2009, 14-23.
Volume 3
Part 4: Design Computation and Computer Programming
52. Steven Anson Coons, âAn Outline of the Requirements for a Computer-Aided Design Systemâ, in Proceedings of the May 21-23, 1963, Spring Joint Computer Conference (Detroit: ACM, 1963), pp. 299-304.
53. Terry Winograd, âFrom Programming Environments to Environments for Designingâ, Communications of the ACM, 38 ,6, 1995, 65-74
54. Kristina Shea and Jonathan Cagan, âInnovative Dome Design: Applying Geodesic Patterns with Shape Annealingâ, AI EDAM: Artificial Intelligence for Engineering, Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 11, 5, 1997, 379-394.
55. Bharat Dave, et al, âCase-Based Spatial Design Reasoningâ, Advances in Case-Based Reasoning, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 984, 1995, 198-210.
56. Ulrich Flemming and Robert Woodbury, âSoftware Environment to Support Early Phases in Building Design (SEED): Overviewâ, Journal of Architectural Engineering, 1, 4, 1995, 147-152.
57. Jules Moloney, âDigital Craftâ, unpublished chapter.
58. Les A. Piegl and Wayne Tiller, âComputing Offsets of NURBS Curves and Surfacesâ, Computer-Aided Design, 31, 2, 1999, 147-156.
59. Athanassios Economou, âThe Symmetry Lessons from Froebel Building Giftsâ, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 26, 1, 1999, 75-90.
60. Jaroslaw Szewczyk and Adam Jakimowicz, âMulti User Interface Problems in Current CAD Systemsâ, in M. Stellingwerff, and J. Verbeke (eds), ACCOLADE - Architecture, Collaboration, Design (Delft: Delft University Press [DUP Science], 2001), pp. 183-194.
61. Chris J. K. Williams, âThe Analytic and Numerical Definition of the Geometry of the British Museum Great Court Roofâ, in M. Burry, S. Datta, A. Dawson and A. J. Rollo, (eds), The Proceedings of the Third International Mathematics and Design Conference M&D2001: Digital, Hand, Eye, Ear, Mind (Geelong: Deakin University, 1999), pp. 434-440.
62. Terry Knight, âComputing with Emergenceâ, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30, 1, 2003, 125-155.
63. Hugh Whitehead, âLaws of Formâ, in Branko Kolarevic (ed.), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 81-100.
64. Kostas Terzisdis, âHybrid Formâ, Design Issues, 19, 1, 2003, 57-61.
65. Mark Burry, âBetween Intuition and Process: Parametric Design and Rapid Prototypingâ, in Branko Kolarevic (ed.), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York: Spon Press, 2003), pp.147-162.
66. Robert Aish and Robert Woodbury, âMulti-Level Interaction in Parametric Designâ, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3638, 2005, 151-62.
67. Axel Kilian, âDesign Innovation Through Constraint Modelingâ, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 4, 1, 2006, 87-105.
68. Jane R. Burry, âMindful Spaces: Computational Geometry and the Conceptual Spaces in Which Designers Operateâ, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 5, 4, 2007, 611-624.
69. Neil C. Katz, âParametric Modeling in AutoCADâ, AECbytes Viewpoint, 32, 2007.
70. Ingeborg M. Rocker, âVersioning: Architecture as Series?â, in First International Conference on Critical Digital: What Matters(s)? (Cambridge: Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 2008), pp. 157-170.
71. Sawako Kaijima, Panagiotis Michalatos and Adams Kara Taylor Computational Design Consultancy: Interface Between Construction Disciplines, Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 311-318.
72. Achim Menges, âIntegral Formation and Materialisation: Computational Form and Material Gestaltâ, in B. Kolarevic and K. Klinger (eds.), Manufacturing Material Effects: Rethinking Design and Making in Architecture (New York: Routledge, 2008), pp. 195-210.
73. Brady Peters, âParametric Acoustic Surfacesâ, in ACADIA 09: reForm(): Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA, 2009), pp. 174-181.
74. Michela Turrin, Axel Kilian, Rudi Stouffs and Sevil Sariyildiz, âDigital Design Exploration of Structural Morphologies Integrating Adaptable Modules: A Design Process Based on Parametric Modelingâ in T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds), Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009 (Montreal: Les Presses de l'Universit© de Montr©al, 2009), pp. 800- 814.
75. Sean Ahlquist and Achim Menges, âRealizing Formal and Functional Complexity for Structurally Dynamic Systems in Rapid Computational Means: Computational Methodology based on Particle Systems for Complex Tension-Active Form Generationâ, in Advances in Architectural Geometry (Vienna: Springer, 2010), pp. 205-220
76. Andrew I-kang Li, âComputing Styleâ, Nexus Network Journal, 13, 1, 2011, 183-193.
77. Fabian Schuerer, âSignal to Noise - What is Quality in Digital Architecture?â, in T. Valena, T. Avermaete and G. Vrachliotis (eds), Structuralism Reloaded: Rule Based Design in Architecture and Urbanism (Fellbach-Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 2011), pp. 269-274.
Volume 4
Part 5: Novel Architectural Design
78. Greg Lynn, âMultiplicitous and Inorganic Bodiesâ, Assemblage, 19, 1992, 33-49.
79. Marcos Novak, âTransmitting Architecture Revisitedâ, Conference proceedings, The XXIII UIA World Congress of Architecture, Torino 2008.
80. Cecil Balmond, âNew Structure and the Informalâ, Assemblage, 33, 1997, 47-57.
81. Mark Goulthorpe, âAegis Hypo-surface: Autoplastic to Alloplasticâ, in Architectural Design: Hypersurface Architecture II (London: Wiley Academy Press, 2000), pp. 60-65.
82. Michael Nitsche and Maureen Thomas, âStories in Space: The Concept of the Story Mapâ, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3805, 2003, 85-93.
83. S. Roudavski and F. Penz, âSpace, Agency, Meaning and Drama in Navigable Real-Time Virtual Environmentsâ, in M. Copier and J. Raessens (eds), Digital Games Research Conference 2003 Proceedings (Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2003), pp. 1-16.
84. Marc Aurel Schnabel, Thomas Kvan, Steve K. S. Kuan and Weidong Li, â3D Crossover: Exploring Objets Digitalis©â, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 2, 4, 2004, 476-490.
85. Philip Steadman, âWhy are Most Buildings Rectangular?â, Architectural Research Quarterly, 10, 2, 2006, 119-130.
86. Neri Oxman, âDigital Craft: Fabrication Based Design in the Age of Digital Productionâ, in Workshop Proceedings for Ubicomp 2007: International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (Innsbruck: Ubicomp, 2007), pp. 534-538.
87. Jenny E. Sabin and Peter Lloyd Jones, âNonlinear Systems Biology and Design: Surface Designâ, in Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) (Minneapolis: ACADIA, 2008), pp. 54-65.
88. Mario Carpo, âNonstandard Morality: Digital Technology and Its Discontentsâ, in Anthony Vidler (ed.), Architecture Between Spectacle and Use (Williamstown, Massachusetts: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 2008), pp. 127-142.
89. Neil Spiller, âPlectic Architecture: Towards a Theory of The Post- Digital in Architectureâ, in Digital Architecture Now: A Global Survey of Emerging Talent (London: Thames and Hudson, 2008), pp. 362-366.
90. Kas Oosterhuis, âWeRobot(s)â, in K. Oosterhuis and H. Bier (eds), IA # 5, Robotic Architecture (Heijningen, the Netherlands: Jap Sam Books, 2012), pp. 7-12.
91. Mette Ramsgard Thomsen and Martin Tamke, âThe Active Model: A Calibration of Material Intentâ, in P. Ayres (ed.), Persistent Modelling: Extending the Role of Architectural Representation (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 141-154.
92. Michael U. Hensel, âPerformance-oriented Design from a Material Perspective â" Domains of Agency and the Spatial Material Organisation Complexâ, in Y. J. Grobman and E. Neuman (eds), Performalism: Form and Performance in Digital Architecture (London: Routledge, 2012), pp.43-48.
Part 6: Digital Architecture as Transdisciplinary Bridge Builder
93. Pierre E. B©zier, âA Personal View of Progress in Computer Aided Designâ, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 20, 3, 1986, 154-159.
94. Jerzy Wojtowicz and Kazimierz Butelski, âLessons from Distributed Design Practiceâ, in A. Brown, et.al (eds.), Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 eCAADe Conference Proceedings (Liverpool: eCAADe, 1999), pp. 482-487.
95. Thomas Kvan, âCollaborative Design: What Is It?â, Automation in Construction, 9, 4, 2000, 409-415.
96. Branko Kolarevic, Gerhard Schmitt, Urs Hirschberg, David Kurmann and Brian Johnson, âAn Experiment in Design Collaborationâ, Automation in Construction, 9, 1, 2000, 73-81.
97. Kevin R. Klinger, âExpressive Form or Digital Craft?: Historical Arguments for an Alignment of Design and Fabrication Processes in the Digital Ageâ, in ACSA National Conference (New Orleans: ACSA, 2002), pp. 1-6.
98. Bryan Lawson, âSchemata, Gambits and Precedent: Some Factors in Design Expertiseâ, Design Studies, 25, 5, 2004, 443-457.
99. Bob Sheil, âTransgression from Drawing to Makingâ, Architectural Research Quarterly, 9, 1, 2005, 20-32.
100. Francois Roche, â(Science) Fiction & Mass Culture Crisisâ, in B. Durandin and A. Ruby (eds), Spoiled Climate (Birkhauser, 2004), pp. 56-60
101. Michael Weinstock, âSelfâOrganisation and Material Constructionsâ, Architectural Design, 76, 2, 2006, 34-41.
102. Klaus Bollinger, Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann, âForm, Force, Performance: MultiâParametric Structural Designâ, Architectural Design, 78, 2, 2008, 20-25.
103. Thomas Fischer, âThe Interdependence of Linear and Circular Causality in CAAD Research: A Unified Modelâ, in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (Hong Kong: CAADRIA, 2010), pp. 609-618.
104. Flora D. Salim, Hugo M. Mulder and Jane R. Burry, âForm Fostering: A Novel Design Approach for Interacting with Parametric Models in the Embodied Virtualityâ, ITcon, 16, 2011, 135-150.
ISBN: 9780415816625
ISBN-10: 0415816629
Series: Critical Concepts in Architecture
Published: 20th March 2020
Format: Multi-Item Pack
Language: English
Number of Pages: 1660
Audience: College, Tertiary and University
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Country of Publication: GB
Edition Number: 1
Dimensions (cm): 23.4 x 15.6 x 11.43
Weight (kg): 3.23
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