Digital & Analog Communication Systems

Preface List of Symbols Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1--1 Historical Perspective 1--2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 1--3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 1--4 Organization of the Book 1--5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB 1--6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 1--7 Frequency Allocations 1--8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 1--9 Information Measure 1--10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems 1--11 Coding Block Codes, Convolutional Codes, Code Interleaving, Code Performance, Trellis-Coded Modulation, 1--12 Preview 1--13 Study-Aid Examples Problems ' Chapter 2. SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 2--1 Properties of Signals and Noise Physically Realizable Waveforms Time Average Operator DC Value Power RMS Value and Normalized Power Energy and Power Waveforms Decibel Phasors 2--2 Fourier Transform and Spectra Definition Properties of Fourier Transforms Parseval's Theorem and Energy Spectral Density Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function Rectangular and Triangular Pulses Convolution 2--3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function Power Spectral Density Autocorrelation Function 2--4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise Orthogonal Functions Orthogonal Series 2--5 Fourier Series Complex Fourier Series Quadrature Fourier Series Polar Fourier Series Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms 2--6 Review of Linear Systems Linear Time-Invariant Systems Impulse Response Transfer Function Distortionless Transmission Distortion of Audio, Video, and Data Signals 2--7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise Bandlimited Waveforms Sampling Theorem Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Dimensionality Theorem 2--8 Discrete Fourier Transform Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series0 2--9 Bandwidth of Signals 2--10 Summary 2--11 Study-Aid Examples Problems Chapter 3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING' 3--1 Introduction 3--2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation Natural Sampling (Gating) Instantaneous Sampling (Flat-Top PAM) 3--3 Pulse Code Modulation Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding Practical PCM Circuits Bandwidth of PCM Signals Effects of Noise Nonuniform Quantizing: _-Law and A-Law Companding V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem 3--4 Digital Signaling Vector Representation Bandwidth Estimation Binary Signaling Multilevel Signaling 3--5 Line Codes and Spectra Binary Line Coding Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes Differential Coding Eye Patterns Regenerative Repeaters Bit Synchronization Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals Spectral Efficiency 3--6 Intersymbol Interference Nyquist's First Method (Zero ISI) Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering Nyquist's Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI 3--7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 3--8 Delta Modulation Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation Speech Coding 3--9 Time-Division Multiplexing Frame Synchronization Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines TDM Hierarchy The T1 PCM System 3--10 Packet Transmission System 3--11 Pulse Time Modulation: Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 3--12 Summary 3--13 Study-Aid Examples Problems ' Chapter 4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 4--1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms Definitions: Baseband, Bandpass, and Modulation Complex Envelope Representation 4--2 Representation of Modulated Signals 4--3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 4--4 Evaluation of Power 4--5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion Equivalent Low-Pass Filter Linear Distortion 4--6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 4--7 Received Signal Plus Noise 4--8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers Filters Amplifiers 4--9 Nonlinear Distortion 4--10 Limiters 4--11 Mixers, Up Converters, and Down Converters 4--12 Frequency Multipliers 4--13 Detector Circuits Envelope Detector Product Detector Frequency Modulation Detector 4--14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 4--15 Direct Digital Synthesis 4--16 Transmitters and Receivers Generalized Transmitters Generalized Receiver: The Superheterodyne Receiver Zero-IF Receivers Interference 4--17 Software Radios 4--18 Summary 4--19 Study-Aid Examples Problems Chapter 5 AM, FM, AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 5--1 Amplitude Modulation 5--2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards Digital AM Braodcasting 5--3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 5--4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 5--5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals Single Sideband Vestigial Sideband 5--6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation Representation of PM and FM Signals Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals Narrowband Angle Modulation Wideband Frequency Modulation Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems 5--7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 5--8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards Digital FM Braodcasting 5--9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling On-Off Keying (OOK) Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) 5--10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) OQPSK and _/4 QPSK PSD for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and _/4 QPSK Spectral Efficiency for MPSK, QAM, QPSK, OQPSK, and _/4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering 5--11 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK) and GMSK 5--12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 5--13 Spread Spectrum Systems Direct Sequence Frequency Hopping SS Frequency Bands 5--14 Summary 5--15 Study-Aid Examples Problems Chapter 6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 6--1 Some Basic Definitions Random Processes Stationarity and Ergodicity Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity Complex Random Processes 6--2 Power Spectral Density Definition Wiener-Khintchine Theorem Properties of the PSD General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals White-Noise Processes Measurement of PSD 6--3 DC and RMS Values for Ergodic Random Processes 6--4 Linear Systems Input-Output Relationships 6--5 Bandwidth Measures Equivalent Bandwidth RMS Bandwidth 6--6 The Gaussian Random Process Properties of Gaussian Processes 6--7 Bandpass Processes Bandpass Representations Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes Proofs of Some Properties 6--8 Matched Filters General Results Results for White Noise Correlation Processing Transversal Matched Filter 6--9 Summary 6--10 Appendix: Proof of Schwarz's Inequality 6--11 Study-Aid Examples " Problems ' Chapter 7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 7--1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling General Results Results for Gaussian Noise Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception 7--2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems Unipolar Signaling Polar Signaling Bipolar Signaling 7--3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals On-Off Keying Binary-Phase-Shift Keying Frequency-Shift Keying 7--4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals On-Off Keying Frequency-Shift Keying Differential Phase-Shift Keying 7--5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 7--6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems Bit-Error Rate and Bandwidth Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling Synchronization 7--7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 7--8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems Comparison with Baseband Systems AM Systems with Product Detection AM Systems with Envelope Detection DSB-SC Systems SSB Systems PM Systems FM Systems FM Systems with Threshold Extension FM Systems with Deemphasis 7--9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems Ideal System Performance 7--10 Summary 7--11 Study-Aid Examples Problems Chapter 8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 8--1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 8--2 Telephone Systems Historical Basis Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals 8--3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subscriber Lines Video On Demand (VOD) Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) 8--4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 8--5 Satellite Communication Systems Digital and Analog Television Transmission Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access Satellite Radio Broadcasting 8--6 Link Budget Analysis Signal Power Received Thermal Noise Sources Characterization of Noise Sources Noise Characterization of Linear Devices Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices Link Budget Evaluation Eb/N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments 8--7 Fiber-Optic Systems 8--8 Cellular Telephone Systems First Generation (1G)--The AMPS Analog System Second Generation (2G)--The Digital Systems The 1,-MHz Band PCS Systems Status of 2G Networks Third Generation (3G) Systems 8--9 Television Black-and-White Television MTS Stereo Sound Color Television Standards for TV and CATV Systems Digital TV (DTV) 8--10 Cable Data Modems 8--11 Wireless Data Networks Wi-Fi Wi-Max 8--12 Summary 8--13 Study-Aid Examples Problems Appendix A' Mathematical Techniques, Identities, and Tables A--1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers Definitions Trigonometric Identities and Complex Numbers A--2 Differential Calculus Definition Differentiation Rules Derivative Table A--3 Indeterminate Forms A--4 Integral Calculus Definition Integration Techniques A--5 Integral Tables Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals A--6 Series Expansions Finite Series Infinite Series A--7 Hilbert Transform Pairs A--8 The Dirac Delta Function Properties of Dirac Delta Functions A--9 Tabulation of Sa(x) _ (sin x)/x A--10 Tabulation of Q(z ) Appendix B Probability and Random Variables B--1 Introduction B--2 Sets B--3 Probability and Relative Frequency Simple Probability Joint Probability Conditional Probabilities B--4 Random Variables B--5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions Properties of CDFs and PDFs Discrete and Continuous Distributions B--6 Ensemble Average and Moments Ensemble Average Moments B--7 Examples of Important Distributions Binomial Distribution Poisson Distribution Uniform Distribution Gaussian Distribution Sinusoidal Distribution B--8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables B--9 Multivariate Statistics Multivariate CDFs and PDFs Bivariate Statistics Gaussian Bivariate Distribution Multivariate Functional Transformation Central Limit Theorem Problems Appendix C Using MATLAB ' C--1 Quick Start for Running M-Files C--2 Programming in MATLAB References Answers to Selected Problems ' Index