Developments in Telecommunications

With a Focus on Ss7 Network Reliability

By: Gerhard Rufa

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Hardcover | 25 July 2008

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296 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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In this book we summarize important developments in telecommunications with a focus on Signalling System No. 7 (SS 7) network reliability. But why is SS 7 network security and reliability so important? According to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model the term "network" refers to the Layer 3 network service, which is offered by the Message Transfer Part (MTP) and Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) to higher layers. An SS 7 network outage results in a breakdown of signalling between the individual nodes of the network, so that telecommunication network services are no longer available to customers. Apart from the tremendous nancial damage to the network operator, the social consequences of such a network breakdown cannot be underestimated. Since the MTP is the central part of the SS 7 network, it is of crucial importance for network security and reliability. The MTP is published in different versions and should now be what we call "stable". Is it really stable? Does it work properly in real networks? Does it t new requirements so that no further changes within the MTP are needed? Various different implementations have existed for a long time and are used in national as well as the international network. Due to this, an objective is not to p- form any further changes within the MTP in order to avoid compatibility problems with existing and running systems. Experience shows that compatibility problems are always related to further development of the MTP.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews:

"Signaling System Number 7 (SS7), an International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standard, is one of the most important protocols used in contemporary networks. ... it is a protocol that must be well understood by each telephone networking practitioner. ... for a telephone network specialist and an engineer working with it on a daily basis, it is a perfect reference for understanding the network and its configuration." (Piotr Cholda, ACM Computing Reviews, December, 2008)

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Computing & I.T.Computer Networking & Communications Computer Hardware Maintenance & Repairs

Introduction and Overview	p. 1
On the Interest in SS 7 Network Security and Reliability	p. 1
Basic Developments in Telecommunications	p. 3
MTP Procedures, Network Structure, and SS 7 Network Outages	p. 6
Development and Fundamental Conception of SS 7	p. 7
Basic Concepts	p. 7
The Fundamental Philosophy of SS 7	p. 7
Fundamental Requirements	p. 8
The Functional Levels of the MTP	p. 9
The Realization of the ISDN Concept	p. 11
Further Development of the SS 7 Structure	p. 12
OSI Layering	p. 12
OAM, Mobile, and IN Applications	p. 12
Broadband ISDN	p. 13
PSTN and IP Network Convergence	p. 15
On the Specification of the MTP	p. 19
FlowControl	p. 19
User Flow Control	p. 22
Processor Outage	p. 23
Restart Procedure	p. 25
Management Inhibiting	p. 27
Load Sharing	p. 28
The Status of the MTP Procedures	p. 29
SS 7 over IP Networks	p. 31
The Distributed IP Telephony Model	p. 31
Signalling Requirements	p. 32
Framework Architecture for Signalling Transport	p. 33
SS 7 over IP Signalling Transport Protocol Architectures	p. 35
Signalling Transport Using M2PA and IP-Based High-Speed Links	p. 35
Signalling Transport Using M2UA	p. 37
Signalling Transport Using M3UA	p. 38
Signalling Transport Using SUA	p. 41
SS7 over IP Signalling Network Architectures	p. 45
SS 7 User Part Representation and Addressing in the IP Domain	p. 46
The Application Server and Application Server Process	p. 46
The Signalling Point Management Cluster	p. 47
The Network Address Translation and Mapping Function	p. 47
Application Server Redundancy	p. 48
ASP States	p. 48
AS States	p. 49
Maintenance of ASP and AS States	p. 49
ASP Failover and Failback	p. 52
Signalling Point Code Representation	p. 53
Physical Network Architectures	p. 54
Alternative SCTP Associations	p. 54
Signalling Gateway Redundancy	p. 54
SS7 over IP Protocol Description	p. 57
Internet Protocol	p. 57
Internet Addressing	p. 57
IP Addresses	p. 58
Subnetting	p. 59
MAC/IP Address Translation	p. 60
Multi-homing	p. 60
Routing Principles	p. 61
IP Services and Functions	p. 62
The IP Datagram Structure	p. 64
The Internet Control Message Protocol	p. 66
The Basic ICMP Message Format	p. 67
ICMP Error Messages	p. 67
ICMP Query Messages	p. 69
Stream Control Transmission Protocol	p. 69
Basic SCTP Packet Format	p. 70
Association Initialization and Termination	p. 72
Association Establishment	p. 72
Association Restart	p. 75
Association Termination	p. 76
User Data Transfer	p. 77
Assembly of SCTP Packets	p. 78
Disassembly of SCTP Packets	p. 80
Transmission and Retransmission of DATA Chunks	p. 84
Congestion Control	p. 85
The Congestion Window Mechanism	p. 85
Slow Start	p. 87
Congestion Avoidance	p. 87
Congestion	p. 88
Path Management	p. 88
Fault Management	p. 89
Endpoint Failure Detection	p. 89
Path Failure Detection	p. 90
Operation Errors	p. 90
MTP-2 User Peer-to-Peer Adaptation Layer	p. 91
M2PA Messages	p. 91
Management of SCTP Associations	p. 93
Interface Boundaries	p. 95
M2PA-Specific Functions	p. 95
MTP-2 User Adaptation Layer	p. 98
M2UA Messages	p. 98
Management of SCTP Associations	p. 99
Interface Boundaries	p. 101
M2UA-Specific Functions	p. 102
M2UA Management	p. 104
MTP-3 User Adaptation Layer	p. 104
M3UA Messages	p. 105
Management of SCTP Associations	p. 105
Interface Boundaries	p. 108
M3UA-Specific Functions	p. 108
Routing Key Management	p. 108
Interworking of Network Management Functions	p. 109
M3UA Management	p. 113
SCCP User Adaptation Layer	p. 113
SUA Messages	p. 114
Management of SCTP Associations	p. 114
Interface Boundaries	p. 117
SUA-Specific Functions	p. 119
Addressing	p. 119
Routing Key Management	p. 120
Interworking ofNetwork Management Functions	p. 121
SUA Management	p. 124
SS 7 Network Outages	p. 127
On the Failure of Links and Exchanges	p. 127
The Spread of Local Problems within the SS 7 Network	p. 128
The Outage and Isolation of Large Network Areas	p. 130
SS7 Flow Control	p. 133
MTP Flow Control	p. 133
Level 2 Flow Control	p. 134
Signalling Traffic Flow Control	p. 134
National Option with Congestion Priorities	p. 136
ISUP Congestion Control	p. 138
SCCP Congestion Control and Load Reduction of Application Parts	p. 140
SCCP Congestion	p. 141
SCCP Flow Control	p. 141
Congestion Report	p. 142
Traffic Limitation	p. 143
The Function of the SS 7 Flow Control	p. 144
SS 7 over IP and Flow Control	p. 146
IP Flow Control	p. 147
SCTP Flow Control	p. 148
SCTP Streams	p. 148
Traffic Mixing and Flow Control	p. 149
Stream-Based Flow Control	p. 150
MTP Restart Procedure	p. 153
Problems with the Blue Book Restart Procedure	p. 153
The Blue Book Restart Procedure	p. 154
Problems with Early User Traffic	p. 156
Problems with Restarting Signalling Points with no Transfer Function	p. 156
Loss ofBidirectionality	p. 158
Further Problems with the Restart Procedure	p. 159
Unexpected TRA Messages	p. 159
Short-Term Isolations	p. 160
Late Events	p. 161
Link Activation and Routing Data Update	p. 162
Network Outages	p. 162
Interworking Problems with the MTP Restart Procedure	p. 163
Problems with a Restarting SEP	p. 164
Problems with a Restarting Red Book Node	p. 164
Problems with a Restarting Blue Book Node	p. 165
Problems with a Restarting White Book Node	p. 167
Problems with a Restarting STP	p. 168
Problems with a Restarting Red Book Node	p. 168
Problems with a Restarting Blue Book Node	p. 169
Problems with a Restarting White Book Node	p. 169
White Book STP and Red Book SEP Interworking Problems	p. 170
The Traffic Restart Waiting Method	p. 171
Reducing the Outage Time of Restarting Red Book SEPs	p. 172
Restarting White Book STP and Adjacent Red Book SEPs	p. 173
Conclusions	p. 174
The White Book Restart Procedure	p. 176
Real SS 7 Networks	p. 179
The Physical Network	p. 180
The Logical Network	p. 181
Node-Disjoint Routes and Bidirectionality	p. 181
Local and Global Routes	p. 182
Routing and Topology	p. 183
The Network Topology	p. 183
The Creation of Routing Data	p. 186
Loop-Freeness, Bidirectionality, and Node-Disjoint Routes	p. 187
Network Changes	p. 188
Network Interconnection	p. 188
IntermediateNetworks	p. 188
Network Interconnection via Signalling Gateways	p. 190
Access to IN Services	p. 191
Potential Problems in Real SS 7 Networks	p. 193
OntheApplicationoftheMTP	p. 193
Problems with the Network Size	p. 194
RoutingProblems	p. 195
Mass Problems with SRM Messages	p. 195
ProblemswiththeMRVT	p. 196
ProblemswiththeFlowControl	p. 198
The Influence of Different Applications	p. 201
Network Dependence of the Flow Control	p. 203
The Influence of Signalling Scenarios	p. 205
The Influence of Repeated Call Attempts	p. 206
Loss of Messages Caused by Congestion Situations	p. 208
Insufficient Measures in the Case of Level 3 Congestions	p. 210
The Network Dependence of the MTP Restart Procedure	p. 210
Problems with the Routing Data Update	p. 210
Problems with Late Events	p. 212
Problems with Preventive TFPs	p. 212
Problems with the User Part Information	p. 212
Problems with the User Part Availability Control	p. 213
Consequences of a Loss of Bidirectionality	p. 213
Bidirectionality and Changeover	p. 216
Bidirectionality and Changeback	p. 216
Bidirectionality and MTP Restart	p. 217
Bidirectionality and Flow Control	p. 218
Bidirectionality and User Flow Control	p. 219
Bidirectionality and Inhibiting	p. 219
Problems with Signalling Loops	p. 220
Consequences of Signalling Loops	p. 220
How to Avoid Signalling Loops	p. 221
Preventive TFPs on Routes with Highest Priority	p. 222
Problems with Specific Network Structures	p. 222
Problems with Signalling Gateways	p. 223
Problems with MTP Procedures	p. 223
Network Security Aspects	p. 225
Problems with PSTN and IP Network Convergence	p. 226
Large Amounts of SRM Messages	p. 226
Signalling Gateway Restart	p. 226
Signalling Gateway Congestion	p. 228
SPMC Inaccessibility and User Part Unavailability in the IP Domain	p. 229
How to Avoid SS 7 Network Outages	p. 231
Specific Measures to Avoid SS 7 Network Outages	p. 231
General Discussion	p. 231
On the Possibility of Realizing the Described Measures	p. 233
New Network Concepts	p. 234
Examples of Network Topologies	p. 234
Hierarchical Network with Two Node-Disjoint Routes	p. 234
Hierarchical Network with Three Node-Disjoint Routes	p. 235
Nonhierarchical Network with Three Node-Disjoint Routes	p. 236
Creating Network Areas	p. 236
ATM-and IP-Based SS 7 Networks	p. 239
Increasing Reliability by Changing the Network Structure	p. 240
On the Need for Standalone STPs	p. 241
SS 7 over IP Applications	p. 242
Increasing Reliability with IP-Based High-Speed Links	p. 243
Separation of Different Traffic Streams	p. 244
M2PA-BasedIPNetworks	p. 244
M3UA-BasedIPNetworks	p. 246
Simplified Point-to-Point Relationship	p. 247
How to Avoid Problems with Network Convergence	p. 249
Migration to an IP-Based Network	p. 251
General Discussion on PSTN and IP Network Convergence	p. 251
Protocol Structures for an IP-Based SS 7 Network	p. 254
Timer Values	p. 258
MTP Level 2 Timer Values	p. 259
MTP Level 3 Timer Values	p. 259
SCTP Timers and Protocol Parameter Values	p. 261
M2UA and M3UA Timer Values	p. 261
SUA Timer Values	p. 261
Abbreviations	p. 261
References	p. 269
Index	p. 273
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Developments in Telecommunications

With a Focus on Ss7 Network Reliability

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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