Designing Maintainable Software

By: Dennis D. Smith

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Hardcover | 1 July 1999

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Hardcover
188 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.39 x 15.6 x 1.27

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This book is about maintaining computer software. Its aim is to improve a programmers ability for altering code to fit changing requirements and for detecting and correcting errors. Software maintenance is an important and timely area of invetigation. It is the component that gives a system its flexibility, but it is also the source of many of its problems. Software is expensive to maintain and is the usual cause of systems failures. Traditional approaches, using software engineering and management disciplines, do not adequately address maintenance issues. This book argues for a new way of thinking about maintaining software, proposing the use of a set of human factors principles that govern the programmer-software-event world interactions and form the core of the maintenance process. The book should prove highly valuable for systems analysts and programmers, managers seeking to reduce costs, researchers looking at solutions to the maintenance problem, and students learning to write clear unambiguous programs.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Programming & Software Development Software Engineering Computer Science Systems Analysis & Design Business & Management Business Mathematics & Systems

Preface	p. v
Facing the Problem	p. 1
The Problem	p. 3
The Maintenance of Software	p. 3
Program Characteristics	p. 4
The Maintenance Process	p. 5
The Maintenace Environment	p. 6
Maintenance Tools	p. 7
The Maintainer	p. 7
The Software Department	p. 9
The Approach	p. 11
Approach Definition	p. 11
Chapter Overview	p. 11
The Managerial Approach	p. 12
The Engineering Approach	p. 13
Software Science	p. 14
The Cognitive Approach	p. 15
Information Science	p. 15
Discussion and Summary	p. 17
The Nature of the Problem	p. 18
Solution Criteria	p. 18
Managerial Approach	p. 18
Engineering Approach	p. 19
Cognitive Approach	p. 19
The Attack	p. 21
EATPUT--An Information Processing Model	p. 21
Software Life Cycle	p. 23
Development	p. 24
Maintenance	p. 26
Plan of Attack	p. 27
Strategy	p. 27
Tactics	p. 27
Using the Plan	p. 28
Solutions Through Symbols	p. 31
Some Basics	p. 33
Procedural Memory	p. 34
Processing	p. 34
Utilization	p. 35
Semantic Memory	p. 35
Processing	p. 35
Utilization	p. 36
Episodic Memory	p. 37
Processing	p. 37
Utilization	p. 38
Naming	p. 39
The Naming Process	p. 39
Event World	p. 39
Acquisition	p. 40
Transmission	p. 40
Processing	p. 40
Utilization and Transfer	p. 40
Analyzing Names	p. 41
Names in Context	p. 41
Words in Semantic Memory	p. 43
Words and Letters	p. 47
Symbols in Procedural Memory	p. 47
Learning Processing Operations	p. 47
Acquisition	p. 48
Learning Factors	p. 48
Procedural and Semantic Memory Interaction	p. 49
Symbols in Semantic Memory	p. 51
Recognizing Words	p. 51
Recalling Words	p. 51
Other Factors in Word Retrieval	p. 52
Degrees of Abstraction	p. 52
Word Fragments	p. 52
"Neighborhood Effect"	p. 52
Word Use	p. 53
Abbreviations and Mnemonics	p. 54
Abbreviations	p. 54
Mnemonics	p. 54
Basic Techniques	p. 55
Truncation	p. 55
Contraction	p. 56
Phonics	p. 56
Concatenation	p. 56
Discussion and Summary	p. 56
Truncation	p. 57
Contraction	p. 58
One-Syllable Words	p. 58
Multisyllable Words	p. 58
Language	p. 60
Languages Used by Programmers	p. 60
Constrained Languages	p. 61
Artificial Languages	p. 61
Language Acquisition and Syntax	p. 62
Language Usage in Programs	p. 62
Indexed Names	p. 63
Compound Names	p. 63
Parts of Speech	p. 63
Abbreviation Techniques	p. 64
Language of Mnemonics	p. 65
Writing Code for the Maintainers	p. 65
Novice Programmers	p. 66
Expert Programmers	p. 66
Skill Level Comparison	p. 66
Organization and Processing	p. 67
Memory Organization	p. 67
Information Processing	p. 67
Maintenance Tasks	p. 68
Language of Mnemonics	p. 68
The Target Audience	p. 69
Naming	p. 69
Indices	p. 70
Bigrams	p. 70
Descriptor Matrices	p. 71
The Language in Operation	p. 72
Solutions Through Structure	p. 73
More on Problem Solving	p. 75
Section Overview	p. 75
Utilizing Information	p. 75
Solving Problems with Gestalt Psychology	p. 76
Means-End Analysis	p. 76
Problem-Solving Factors	p. 77
Problem-Solving Behavior	p. 78
The Expert	p. 78
The Novice	p. 78
Solving Maintenance Problems	p. 80
Understanding the Maintenance Request	p. 80
Program Comprehension	p. 81
Processing the Code	p. 81
Acquiring Program Knowledge	p. 83
Context	p. 83
Information-Seeking Strategy	p. 83
Information-Seeking Tactics	p. 84
Modifying the Code	p. 85
Other Considerations	p. 86
Errors and Barriers	p. 86
Errors	p. 86
Barriers	p. 88
More Novice/Expert Differences	p. 89
Memory Contents	p. 89
Memory Organization	p. 90
Memory Processing	p. 91
With Respect to Tasks	p. 91
Processing and Storage Limitations	p. 91
Communications Theory	p. 92
Memory Limitations	p. 93
Cognitive Structures	p. 95
Types of Structure	p. 95
Overview	p. 96
Global Structure	p. 96
Spatial Layout of a Routine	p. 96
Horizontal Layout	p. 97
Vertical Layout	p. 98
Instruction Formats	p. 98
The Subroutine Call Statement	p. 99
The Read Statement	p. 99
The Common Statement	p. 99
The Arithmetic Statement	p. 99
The Conditional Control (IF) Statement	p. 100
The Iteration (Do-Loop) Statement	p. 101
The Write Statement	p. 101
Documentation	p. 101
The Traditional Approach	p. 102
A New Approach	p. 102
Documentation Content	p. 102
Documentation Structure	p. 103
Implementation and Testing	p. 105
Implementing the Solutions	p. 107
In the Development Phase	p. 107
Specifications	p. 107
Design	p. 107
Implementation	p. 108
Checkout	p. 108
In the Maintenance Phase	p. 109
The Decision	p. 109
The Restoration	p. 110
Program Improvements	p. 110
Planning	p. 110
Assessing Effectiveness	p. 111
Testing	p. 113
Hardware and Software Testing	p. 113
Hardware	p. 113
Software	p. 114
Software Testing Overview	p. 114
Static Testing	p. 114
Dynamic Testing	p. 115
Test Plans	p. 116
Life Cycle Testing	p. 117
Specifications	p. 117
Design	p. 119
Implementation	p. 119
Checkout	p. 119
Maintenance	p. 121
Concluding Remarks	p. 123
Concluding Remarks	p. 125
Appendices	p. 127
The Information Age	p. 129
Information Systems	p. 130
Hardware	p. 130
Software	p. 131
Software Failures	p. 132
Problem Solving	p. 134
Software Science	p. 135
Sensory Input Processing	p. 137
EATPUT Model of the Vision System	p. 138
Classifying Information	p. 139
Facts and Opinions	p. 139
Theories and Processes	p. 139
Naming as a Shortening Process	p. 141
Miniature Artificial Languages	p. 142
Cognitive Grammar	p. 143
Overview	p. 143
Sentence Construction	p. 144
Gestalt Psychology	p. 146
Bibliography	p. 149
Index	p. 161
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Designing Maintainable Software

At a Glance

Hardcover

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