Deconstructing Ergativity

Preface Abbreviations Part I: Two types of ergatives

1 Introduction 1.1 Setting the stage 1.2 Syntactic ergativity 1.2.1 The phenomenon 1.2.2 The range of the phenomenon 1.2.3 The relevance of syntactic ergativity 1.3. The importance of starting small 1.3.1 Syntactic ergativity broadly defined 1.3.2 Not all A-bar movement phenomena are created equal 1.3.3 Some methodological odds and ends Appendix: Compensatory strategies under syntactic ergativity

2 Proposal 2.1 Crucial empirical observations 2.1.1 Diachronic pathways to ergativity 2.1.2 Oblique subjects 2.2 The proposal: Two classes of ergative languages 2.3 From PP specifier to syntactic ergativity 2.3.1 The relationship between the verbal functional head and ergative P 2.3.2 Ergative P and P-stranding 2.3.3 Ergative P and pied-piping 2.3.4 From a PP subject to syntactic ergativity 2.4 Basic clausal structures in the two types of ergative languages 2.4.1 PP-ergative and DP-ergative languages: transitive clauses 2.4.2 PP-ergative and DP-ergative languages: unergative clauses 2.4.3 PP specifiers everywhere? Preventing overgeneration 2.4.4 Compatibility between the ergative and the passive 2.5 Summary

3 Prepositional phrases: Establishing the diagnostics 3.1 PPs have distinct extraction and subextraction properties 3.2 Restrictions on PPs as pivots of clefts 3.3 PPs have resumptive proforms and may have special modifiers 3.4 PPs are less accessible to agreement probes than DPs are 3.5 PPs and binding 3.6 PPs and A-movement 3.7 PPs and control 3.8 Summary

4 Ergative as a PP: Take One 4.1 Ergative expressions can be PPs 4.2 Subextraction out of the ergative expression 4.3 Ergative cannot extract leaving a gap 4.4 Ergative and agreement 4.5 Ergative and depictives 4.6 Ergative and quantifier float 4.7 Taking stock 4.7.1 Silent P head 4.7.2 Overt P head 4.7.3 The nature of the operator

5 Ergative as a PP: Take Two 5.1 Binding: Reflexives and reciprocals 5.2 Raising 5.2.1 No true raising 5.2.2 Ergative is not preserved under raising-at least in Tongan 5.3 control 5.3 Summary

6 Cross-linguistic landscape: Correlates of PP-ergativity 6.1. Word order correlates 6.2 Expletive subjects 6.3 Non-canonical (quirky) subjects

7 The other ergative: A true DP 7.1 Extraction of the ergative with a gap 7.2 Subextraction from the ergative and the absolutive 7.3 Agreement 7.4 Binding 7.5 Control and raising 7.6 Word order 7.7 Summary

8 The relationship between the PP-ergative type and the DP-ergative type: Phylogeny and ontogeny 8.1 Diachronic relationship between the PP-ergative type and the DP-ergative type 8.2 Caught in transition: Niuean 8.3 Caught in transition: Adyghe 8.4 PP-ergatives and DP-ergatives in language acquisition

9 Alternative accounts of variation across ergative languages 9.1 Comp-trace vs. P-trace 9.2 Criterial freezing 9.3 Phase boundaries and high/low absolutive languages 9.4 Non-syntactic explanations for variation across ergative languages 9.5 Summary

Part II: Paradigm languages 10 A paradigm PP-Ergative language: Tongan 10.1 Tongan basics 10.1.1 General remarks 10.1.2 Predicates 10.1.3 Case marking 10.1.4 Word order: Preliminary remarks 10.1.5 Questions 10.2 Subject and possessive marking: Clitics 10.2.1 Subject clitics 10.2.1.1 Basic facts about clitics 10.2.1.2 Accounting for Tongan clitics 10.2.1.3 Clitic doubling 10.2.2 Possessive clitics and possessive markers 10.3 Deriving Tongan clause structure 10.3.1 Word order: Deriving V1 10.3.2 Word order: The right periphery 10.3.2.1 The definitive accent 10.3.2.2 VOS is not due to scrambling 10.3.2.3 VOS as rightward topicalization 10.3.3 Basic clause structures 10.3.3.1 Intransitives: Unaccusatives 10.3.3.2 Intransitives: Unergatives 10.3.3.3 Transitive clauses 10.3.4 Tongan ergativity and split ergativity 10.4 A-bar movement 10.4.1 Relative clauses 10.4.2 Wh-questions 10.4.3 Focus: Exceptive constructions 10.4.4 Ko-Topicalization 10.4.5 Interim summary 10.5 Raising and control 10.5.1 The status of ke-clauses 10.5.2 "Raising" 10.5.2.1 Raising-like verbs and their structures 10.5.2.2 What moves in ke-clauses and where? 10.5.2.3 What is the nature of the operator in ke-clauses? 10.5.2.4 The transparency of finite ke-clauses 10.5.3 The verb lava 10.5.3.1 Monoclausal structure with lava: Restructuring 10.5.3.2 Biclausal structures with lava 10.5.4 Control 10.5.4.1 Basic facts 10.5.4.2 No obligatory control 10.5.4.3 The internal syntax of control ke-clauses 10.5.5 Interim summary 10.6 Binding 10.6.1 Anaphoric binding 10.6.2 Reciprocals? Just pluractionality 10.6.3 Other binding contexts 10.7 Summary

11 A paradigm DP-Ergative language: Tsez 11.1 Tsez basics 11.1.1 Preliminaries 11.1.2 Unergatives and unaccusatives 11.1.3 Clauses with two or more arguments 11.2 Discontinuous noun phrases 11.3 Non-finite forms 11.3.1 Infinitival and masdar clauses 11.3.2 Event nominalizations 11.4 A-bar movement 11.5 Raising and control 11.5.1 Raising 11.5.2 Complement control 11.5.2.1 Forward control 11.5.2.2 Backward control 11.5.3 Infinitival relative clauses 11.6 Binding 11.6.1 Anaphoric binding 11.6.2 Depictives 11.7 Interim summary 11.8 Deriving Tsez clauses 11.8.1 Two possible analyses 11.8.1.1 A single vP 11.8.1.2 Layered functional heads in the verb phrase 11.8.2 Single heads or layered structure: Which analysis is superior? 11.9 Summary

12 Taking stock References index