Deco for Divers

Contents, Introduction 1
Chapter 1- Historical Perspective 7,
Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691) 7,
Rediscovery 8,
Caissons Disease 9,
Paul Bert (1833-1886) 11,
John Scott Haldane (1860-1936) 12,
US Navy 15,
Robert Workman 16,
Professor Albert Buhlmann (1923 - 1994) 17
Chapter 2- Decompression Principles 19,
Overview 19,
The Air we Breathe 20,
The Effects of Pressure 21,
Dalton's Law 22,
The Lungs 23,
Henry's Law 26,
Diffusion 26,
Gas Transport 28,
Perfusion 28,
Saturation 29,
Tissue Compartments 30,
Half Times 30,
Supersaturation 32,
Critical Supersaturation 34,
Controlling Ratio M-Values 34,
Ascent Rates 36,
No-Stop Dives 39,
Bubble Formation 40, Silent Bubbles 40,
Safety Stops 41,
Decompression Stops 43,
Oxygen Window 48
Chapter 3- Decompression Illness 51,
Burst Lung 51,
Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE ) 52,
Interstitial Emphysema 52,
Pneumothorax 52,
Decompression Sickness 52,
Decompression Classification 53,
Type I 53,
Type II 54,
Type III 54,
Type IV 55,
Reclassification of DCS and AGE 57,
Symptoms of the Bends by Frequency 59,
Time of Onset of Symptoms 59,
Predisposing Factors 60,
Dehydration 60,
Dive Profiles 61,
Repetitive Diving 62,
Temperature 62,
Obesity 63,
Exercise 63,
Smoking 65,
Age 66,
Flying after Diving 66,
Reverse Profile 67,
Previous Injury 69,
PFO 69,
Lung Shunts 72,
Doppler Bubble Detection 73,
Medical implications of DCI 75,
First Aid 76,
Oxygen 77,
5 Minute Neurological Exam 79,
Recompression 81,
In-Water Recompression 85,
Omitted Decompression 87
Chapter 4- Saturation Diving 89,
Development Of Saturation Diving 90,
Commercial Saturation Diving 93,
Saturation Decompression 93
Chapter 5- Nitrox 95,
Using Nitrox 97,
Using Nitrox as a Decompression Gas 100,
The Oxygen Window Revisited 104
Chapter 6- Deep Stops and Bubble Models 109,
Deep Stops 111,
Pyle Deep Stops - an Example 113,
Gradient Factors 116,
Dual Phase (Bubble) Models 118,
Individual Bubble Behaviour 120,
Multiple Bubble Behaviour 124,
Gas Switches and Bubble Models 126,
Specific Bubble Models: Thermodynamic Model 127,
Varying Permeability Model 129,
Critical Volume Algorithm 131,
Development of VPM 132,
Reduced Gradient Bubble Model 133
Chapter 7- Mixed Gas 135,
Choice of Gas 136,
Argon 136,
Neon 136,
Hydrogen 136,
Helium 137,
Trimix 140,
Trimix Decompression 143,
Helium in Decompression Gases 147,
Isobaric Counter Diffusion 148
Chapter 8- Other Decompression Models 157,
RNPL - Slab Diffusion 158,
BSAC -'88 160,
US Navy Exponential Linear Model 162,
Probabilistic Models 163,
DCIEM 165,
Ratio Deco 168
Chapter 9- Decompression Calculations 171,
Compartments, Half Times and Surfacing Ratios 171,
Workman M-Values (1965) 172,
Buhlmann 173,
ZH-L16A Set of M-Values for Nitrogen (1990) 174,
ZH-L16A Half-times, "A" and "B" Values for Nitrogen and Helium 175,
Conversion from Workman M-Values to Buhlmann Coefficients 175,
The DCAP MM11F6 Model (1988) for Nitrogen 176,
Variable Permeability Model (VPM) 177,
Alveolar Partial Pressure 177,
No Decompression Limits (NDL) 178,
Saturation Level 178,
Buhlmann 178,
Schreiner 178,
Ascent Ceiling 178,
Decompression Stops 179,
Calculating a Decompression Profile 179,
Gradient Factors 180,
Saturation Diving 180,
DCIEM 180,
Ratio Deco 181,
GUE Ratio Deco Calculations 181,
Ratio Set Points 181,
First Deep Stop 181,
Generic Ratio Deco Calculations 181,
Ratio Set Points 181,
First Deep Stop 181,
Acknowledgements 182,
References and Further Reading 183,
Index 190