| Preface | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historical Development of Fire Modeling | p. 1 |
| Overview of Current Trends in Fire Modeling | p. 4 |
| Review of Major Fire Disasters and Impact on Fire Modeling | p. 11 |
| Kings Cross Fire | p. 11 |
| World Trade Center Fire | p. 12 |
| Application of Fire Dynamics Tools in Practice | p. 17 |
| Validation and Verification of Fire Dynamics Tools | p. 23 |
| Scope of the Book | p. 26 |
| Review Questions | p. 28 |
| Field Modeling Approach | p. 29 |
| Mathematical Equations | |
| Computational Fluid Dynamics: Brief Introduction | p. 29 |
| Computational Fluid Dynamics in Field Modeling | p. 31 |
| Equation of State | p. 35 |
| Equations of Motion | p. 37 |
| Continuity Equation | p. 38 |
| Momentum Equation | p. 40 |
| Energy Equation | p. 46 |
| Scalar Equation | p. 50 |
| Differential and Integral Forms of the Transport Equations | p. 52 |
| Physical Interpretation of Boundary Conditions for Field Modeling | p. 57 |
| Numerical Approximations of Transport Equations for Field Modeling | p. 59 |
| Discretisation Methods | p. 61 |
| Steady Flows | p. 61 |
| Unsteady Flows | p. 69 |
| Solution algorithms | p. 71 |
| Matrix Solvers | p. 71 |
| Pressure-Velocity Linkage Methods | p. 74 |
| Boundary Conditions | p. 81 |
| Summary | p. 83 |
| Turbulence | |
| What Is Turbulence? | p. 85 |
| Overview of Turbulence Modeling Approaches | p. 86 |
| Additional Equations for Turbulent Flow-Standard $$ Turbulence Model | p. 90 |
| Other Turbulence Models | p. 93 |
| Variant of Standard $$ Turbulence Models | p. 96 |
| Reynolds Stress Models | p. 102 |
| Near-Wall Treatments | p. 106 |
| Setting Boundary Conditions | p. 110 |
| Guidelines for Setting Turbulence Models in Field Modeling | p. 113 |
| Worked Examples on the Application of Turbulence Models in Field Modeling | p. 114 |
| Single-Room Compartment Fire | p. 114 |
| Influence of Gaps of Fire Resisting Doors on Smoke Spread | p. 121 |
| Summary | p. 131 |
| Review Questions | p. 132 |
| Additional Considerations in Field Modeling | p. 135 |
| Combustion | |
| Turbulent Combustion in Fires | p. 135 |
| Detailed Chemistry versus Simplified Chemistry | p. 139 |
| Overview of Combustion Modeling Approaches | p. 151 |
| Combustion Models | p. 153 |
| Generalized Finite-Rate Formulation | p. 153 |
| Background Theory | p. 153 |
| Species Transport Equations | p. 154 |
| Laminar Finite-Rate Chemistry | p. 161 |
| Eddy Break-up and Eddy Dissipation | p. 163 |
| Combustion Based on Conserved Scalar | p. 168 |
| Description of Approach | p. 168 |
| Definition of Mixture Fraction | p. 170 |
| Flame Sheet Approximation | p. 172 |
| State Relationships | p. 175 |
| Probability Density Function (PDF) of Turbulence-Chemistry | p. 179 |
| Laminar Flamelet Approach | p. 187 |
| Guidelines for Selecting Combustion Models in Field Modeling | p. 194 |
| Worked Examples on the Application of Combustion Models in Field Modeling | p. 196 |
| Single-Room Compartment Fire | p. 196 |
| Two-Room Compartment Fire | p. 202 |
| Summary | p. 208 |
| Radiation | |
| Radiation in Fires | p. 209 |
| Radiative Transfer Equation | p. 212 |
| Radiation Properties of Combustion Products | p. 215 |
| Gray Gas Assumption | p. 216 |
| Weighted Sum of Gray Gases Model | p. 223 |
| Other Models | p. 227 |
| Radiation Methods for Field Modeling | p. 230 |
| Monte Carlo | p. 233 |
| P-1 Radiation Model | p. 237 |
| Discrete Transfer Radiative Model | p. 240 |
| Discrete Ordinates Model | p. 243 |
| Finite Volume Method | p. 250 |
| Guidelines for Selecting Radiation Models in Field Modeling | p. 252 |
| Worked Examples on the Application of Radiation Models in Field Modeling | p. 253 |
| Single-Room Compartment Fire | p. 253 |
| Two-Room Compartment Fire | p. 260 |
| Summary | p. 264 |
| Review Questions | p. 265 |
| Further Considerations in Field Modeling | p. 267 |
| Soot Production | |
| Importance of Soot Radiation | p. 267 |
| Overview and Limitations of Soot Modeling | p. 269 |
| Soot Models for Field Modeling | p. 272 |
| Single-Step Empirical Rate | p. 272 |
| Semi-Empirical Approach | p. 276 |
| Population Balance Approach to Soot Formation | p. 285 |
| What Is Population Balance? | p. 285 |
| Formulation of Transport Equations and Rate Mechanisms | p. 288 |
| Guidelines for Selecting Soot Models in Fire Modeling | p. 299 |
| Worked Examples on the Application of Soot Models in Field Modeling | p. 300 |
| Two-Room Compartment Fire | p. 300 |
| Multi-Room Compartment Fire | p. 307 |
| Summary | p. 313 |
| Pyrolysis | |
| Importance of Pyrolysis in Fires | p. 314 |
| Phenomenological Understanding of Pyrolysis Processes | p. 317 |
| Physico-Chemical Description of Pyrolysis Processes | p. 319 |
| Pyrolysis of Cellulose | p. 322 |
| Pyrolysis of Hemicellulose | p. 322 |
| Pyrolysis of Lignins | p. 323 |
| Pyrolysis of Wood | p. 323 |
| Formulation of Governing Equations | p. 324 |
| Conservation of Energy for Wood Pyrolysis | p. 324 |
| Conservation of Mass for Wood Pyrolysis | p. 326 |
| Modeling Wood Pyrolysis Source Terms | p. 329 |
| Thermophysical Properties of Wood Pyrolysis | p. 332 |
| Practical Guidelines to Pyrolysis Models in Field Modeling | p. 338 |
| Worked Example on Ignition of Combustible of Charring Material in a Cone Calorimeter | p. 339 |
| Worked Example on Fire Growth ad Flame Spread Over Combustible Wall Lining in a Single-Room Compartment | p. 352 |
| Summary | p. 363 |
| Review Questions | p. 364 |
| Advance Technique in Field Modeling | p. 367 |
| Next Stages of Development and Application | p. 367 |
| Alternative Approach to Handling Turbulence | p. 369 |
| Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) | p. 369 |
| Large Eddy Simulation (LES) | p. 374 |
| Favre-Averaged Navier-Stokes versus Large Eddy Simulation | p. 393 |
| Formulation of Numerical Algorithm | p. 395 |
| Explicit Predictor-Corrector Scheme | p. 395 |
| Combustion Modeling | p. 402 |
| Inclusion of Other Physical Models | p. 408 |
| Worked Examples on Large Eddy Simulation Applications | p. 410 |
| A Freestanding Buoyant Fire | p. 410 |
| Fire in a Single-room Compartment | p. 418 |
| Summary | p. 422 |
| Review Questions | p. 423 |
| Other Challenges in Fire Safety Engineering | p. 425 |
| Fire Safety Evaluation and Assessment | p. 425 |
| Deviation from Prescriptive-Based Statutory Requirements | p. 425 |
| Adopting Performance-Based Methodologies | p. 426 |
| Overview of Emerging Technique in Field Modeling | p. 432 |
| Overview of Evacuation Modeling | p. 439 |
| Overview of Probabilistic Approach | p. 441 |
| Case Studies | p. 443 |
| The Predictive Capability of Artificial Neural Network Fire Model in a Single-Room Compartment Fire | p. 444 |
| The Application of CFD-Based Fire Model and Evacuation Model for Fire Safety Evaluation and Assessment | p. 450 |
| Future Developments in Fire Predictive and Assessment Models | p. 457 |
| Summary | p. 459 |
| Review Questions | p. 460 |
| Higher-Order Differencing Schemes and Time-Marching Methods | p. 463 |
| Algebraic Equation System and CFD-Based Fire Model | p. 473 |
| Advanced Combustion Modeling | p. 479 |
| Relevant Tables for Combustion and Radiation Modeling | p. 483 |
| References and Further Suggested Reading | p. 491 |
| Index | p. 517 |
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