Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers

By: Bengt Andersson, Ronnie Andersson, Love Hakansson

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Hardcover | 22 December 2011

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202 Pages

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24.41 x 16.99 x 1.27

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Computational fluid dynamics, CFD, has become an indispensable tool for many engineers. This book gives an introduction to CFD simulations of turbulence, mixing, reaction, combustion and multiphase flows. The emphasis on understanding the physics of these flows helps the engineer to select appropriate models to obtain reliable simulations. Besides presenting the equations involved, the basics and limitations of the models are explained and discussed. The book combined with tutorials, project and power-point lecture notes (all available for download) forms a complete course. The reader is given hands-on experience of drawing, meshing and simulation. The tutorials cover flow and reactions inside a porous catalyst, combustion in turbulent non-premixed flow, and multiphase simulation of evaporation spray respectively. The project deals with design of an industrial-scale selective catalytic reduction process and allows the reader to explore various design improvements and apply best practice guidelines in the CFD simulations.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Biochemical Engineering Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Mechanics of Fluids Hydraulics & Pneumatics Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Solids Engineering Thermodynamics

Preface	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Modelling in engineering	p. 1
CFD simulations	p. 1
Applications in engineering	p. 2
Flow	p. 2
Laminar flow	p. 3
Turbulent flow	p. 3
Single-phase flow	p. 4
Multiphase flow	p. 4
CFD programs	p. 4
Modelling	p. 8
Mass, heat and momentum balances	p. 9
Viscosity, diffusion and heat conduction	p. 9
The equation of continuity	p. 12
The equation of motion	p. 14
Energy transport	p. 16
The balance for kinetic energy	p. 16
The balance for thermal energy	p. 18
The balance for species	p. 18
Boundary conditions	p. 18
Inlet and outlet boundaries	p. 19
Wall boundaries	p. 19
Symmetry and axis boundary conditions	p. 20
Initial conditions	p. 20
Domain settings	p. 21
Physical properties	p. 21
The equation of state	p. 22
Viscosity	p. 22
Numerical aspects of CFD	p. 24
Introduction	p. 24
Numerical methods for CFD	p. 25
The finite-volume method	p. 25
Geometrical definitions	p. 26
Cell balancing	p. 26
The convective term	p. 27
The diffusion term	p. 28
The source term	p. 28
Example 1 - ID mass diffusion in a flowing gas	p. 29
Solution	p. 29
Concluding remarks	p. 33
The Gauss-Seidel algorithm	p. 33
Example 2 - Gauss-Seidel	p. 34
Measures of convergence	p. 37
Discretization schemes	p. 38
Example 3 - increased velocity	p. 39
Boundedness and transportiveness	p. 40
The upwind schemes	p. 40
Taylor expansions	p. 42
Accuracy	p. 43
The hybrid scheme	p. 44
The power-law scheme	p. 45
The Quick scheme	p. 46
More advanced discretization schemes	p. 46
Solving the velocity field	p. 47
Under-relaxation	p. 49
Multigrid	p. 50
Unsteady flows	p. 51
Example 4 - time-dependent simulation	p. 52
Conclusions on the different time discretization methods	p. 57
Meshing	p. 58
Mesh generation	p. 58
Adaptation	p. 60
Numerical diffusion	p. 60
Summary	p. 61
Turbulent-flow modelling	p. 62
The physics of fluid turbulence	p. 62
Characteristic features of turbulent flows	p. 63
Statistical methods	p. 66
Flow stability	p. 69
The Kolmogorov hypotheses	p. 70
The energy cascade	p. 72
Sources of turbulence	p. 74
The turbulent energy spectrum	p. 75
Turbulence modelling	p. 76
Direct numerical simulation	p. 79
Large-eddy simulation	p. 79
Reynolds decomposition	p. 81
Models based on the turbulent viscosity hypothesis	p. 86
Reynolds stress models (RSMs)	p. 96
Advanced turbulence modelling	p. 99
Comparisons of various turbulence models	p. 99
Near-wall modelling	p. 99
Turbulent boundary layers	p. 101
Wall functions	p. 104
Improved near-wall-modelling	p. 107
Comparison of three near-wall modelling approaches	p. 109
Inlet and outlet boundary conditions	p. 110
Summary	p. 112
Turbulent mixing and chemical reactions	p. 113
Introduction	p. 114
Problem description	p. 115
The nature of turbulent mixing	p. 117
Mixing of a conserved scalar	p. 119
Mixing timescales	p. 119
Probability density functions	p. 120
Modelling of turbulent mixing	p. 124
Modelling of chemical reactions	p. 130
Da“1	p. 130
Da”1	p. 131
Da1	p. 138
Non-PDF models	p. 141
Summary	p. 142
Multiphase flow modelling	p. 143
Introduction	p. 144
Characterization of multiphase flows	p. 144
Coupling between a continuous phase and a dispersed phase	p. 146
Forces on dispersed particles	p. 147
Computational models	p. 149
Choosing a multiphase model	p. 150
Direct numerical simulations	p. 151
Lagrangian particle simulations, the point-particle approach	p. 152
Euler-Euler models	p. 155
The mixture model	p. 156
Models for stratified fluid-fluid flows	p. 158
Models for flows in porous media	p. 160
Closure models	p. 161
Interphase drag	p. 161
Particle interactions	p. 163
Heat and mass transfer	p. 168
Boundaries and boundary conditions	p. 169
Lagrangian dispersed phase	p. 169
Eulerian dispersed phase	p. 170
Summary	p. 171
Guidelines for selecting a multiphase model	p. 172
Best-practice guidelines	p. 174
Application uncertainty	p. 175
Geometry and grid design	p. 175
Numerical uncertainty	p. 175
Convergence	p. 175
Enhancing convergence	p. 176
Numerical errors	p. 176
Temporal discretization	p. 177
Turbulence modelling	p. 177
Boundary conditions	p. 177
Reactions	p. 178
Multiphase modelling	p. 178
Sensitivity analysis	p. 180
Verification, validation and calibration	p. 180
Appendix	p. 181
References	p. 185
Index	p. 186
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Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers

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