| Preface | p. ix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Modelling in engineering | p. 1 |
| CFD simulations | p. 1 |
| Applications in engineering | p. 2 |
| Flow | p. 2 |
| Laminar flow | p. 3 |
| Turbulent flow | p. 3 |
| Single-phase flow | p. 4 |
| Multiphase flow | p. 4 |
| CFD programs | p. 4 |
| Modelling | p. 8 |
| Mass, heat and momentum balances | p. 9 |
| Viscosity, diffusion and heat conduction | p. 9 |
| The equation of continuity | p. 12 |
| The equation of motion | p. 14 |
| Energy transport | p. 16 |
| The balance for kinetic energy | p. 16 |
| The balance for thermal energy | p. 18 |
| The balance for species | p. 18 |
| Boundary conditions | p. 18 |
| Inlet and outlet boundaries | p. 19 |
| Wall boundaries | p. 19 |
| Symmetry and axis boundary conditions | p. 20 |
| Initial conditions | p. 20 |
| Domain settings | p. 21 |
| Physical properties | p. 21 |
| The equation of state | p. 22 |
| Viscosity | p. 22 |
| Numerical aspects of CFD | p. 24 |
| Introduction | p. 24 |
| Numerical methods for CFD | p. 25 |
| The finite-volume method | p. 25 |
| Geometrical definitions | p. 26 |
| Cell balancing | p. 26 |
| The convective term | p. 27 |
| The diffusion term | p. 28 |
| The source term | p. 28 |
| Example 1 - ID mass diffusion in a flowing gas | p. 29 |
| Solution | p. 29 |
| Concluding remarks | p. 33 |
| The Gauss-Seidel algorithm | p. 33 |
| Example 2 - Gauss-Seidel | p. 34 |
| Measures of convergence | p. 37 |
| Discretization schemes | p. 38 |
| Example 3 - increased velocity | p. 39 |
| Boundedness and transportiveness | p. 40 |
| The upwind schemes | p. 40 |
| Taylor expansions | p. 42 |
| Accuracy | p. 43 |
| The hybrid scheme | p. 44 |
| The power-law scheme | p. 45 |
| The Quick scheme | p. 46 |
| More advanced discretization schemes | p. 46 |
| Solving the velocity field | p. 47 |
| Under-relaxation | p. 49 |
| Multigrid | p. 50 |
| Unsteady flows | p. 51 |
| Example 4 - time-dependent simulation | p. 52 |
| Conclusions on the different time discretization methods | p. 57 |
| Meshing | p. 58 |
| Mesh generation | p. 58 |
| Adaptation | p. 60 |
| Numerical diffusion | p. 60 |
| Summary | p. 61 |
| Turbulent-flow modelling | p. 62 |
| The physics of fluid turbulence | p. 62 |
| Characteristic features of turbulent flows | p. 63 |
| Statistical methods | p. 66 |
| Flow stability | p. 69 |
| The Kolmogorov hypotheses | p. 70 |
| The energy cascade | p. 72 |
| Sources of turbulence | p. 74 |
| The turbulent energy spectrum | p. 75 |
| Turbulence modelling | p. 76 |
| Direct numerical simulation | p. 79 |
| Large-eddy simulation | p. 79 |
| Reynolds decomposition | p. 81 |
| Models based on the turbulent viscosity hypothesis | p. 86 |
| Reynolds stress models (RSMs) | p. 96 |
| Advanced turbulence modelling | p. 99 |
| Comparisons of various turbulence models | p. 99 |
| Near-wall modelling | p. 99 |
| Turbulent boundary layers | p. 101 |
| Wall functions | p. 104 |
| Improved near-wall-modelling | p. 107 |
| Comparison of three near-wall modelling approaches | p. 109 |
| Inlet and outlet boundary conditions | p. 110 |
| Summary | p. 112 |
| Turbulent mixing and chemical reactions | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 114 |
| Problem description | p. 115 |
| The nature of turbulent mixing | p. 117 |
| Mixing of a conserved scalar | p. 119 |
| Mixing timescales | p. 119 |
| Probability density functions | p. 120 |
| Modelling of turbulent mixing | p. 124 |
| Modelling of chemical reactions | p. 130 |
| Da“1 | p. 130 |
| Da”1 | p. 131 |
| Da1 | p. 138 |
| Non-PDF models | p. 141 |
| Summary | p. 142 |
| Multiphase flow modelling | p. 143 |
| Introduction | p. 144 |
| Characterization of multiphase flows | p. 144 |
| Coupling between a continuous phase and a dispersed phase | p. 146 |
| Forces on dispersed particles | p. 147 |
| Computational models | p. 149 |
| Choosing a multiphase model | p. 150 |
| Direct numerical simulations | p. 151 |
| Lagrangian particle simulations, the point-particle approach | p. 152 |
| Euler-Euler models | p. 155 |
| The mixture model | p. 156 |
| Models for stratified fluid-fluid flows | p. 158 |
| Models for flows in porous media | p. 160 |
| Closure models | p. 161 |
| Interphase drag | p. 161 |
| Particle interactions | p. 163 |
| Heat and mass transfer | p. 168 |
| Boundaries and boundary conditions | p. 169 |
| Lagrangian dispersed phase | p. 169 |
| Eulerian dispersed phase | p. 170 |
| Summary | p. 171 |
| Guidelines for selecting a multiphase model | p. 172 |
| Best-practice guidelines | p. 174 |
| Application uncertainty | p. 175 |
| Geometry and grid design | p. 175 |
| Numerical uncertainty | p. 175 |
| Convergence | p. 175 |
| Enhancing convergence | p. 176 |
| Numerical errors | p. 176 |
| Temporal discretization | p. 177 |
| Turbulence modelling | p. 177 |
| Boundary conditions | p. 177 |
| Reactions | p. 178 |
| Multiphase modelling | p. 178 |
| Sensitivity analysis | p. 180 |
| Verification, validation and calibration | p. 180 |
| Appendix | p. 181 |
| References | p. 185 |
| Index | p. 186 |
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