Cerebral Cortex

1 The Cerebral Neocortex: A Theory of Its Operation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Modular Concept of the Neocortex.- 3. The Modular Operation of the Neocortex.- 4. Inputs into a Module of the Neocortex (Szentagothai, 1983).- 5. The Neuronal Structure of the Module (Szentagothai, 1983).- 5.1. Excitatory Synaptic Actions (Szentagothai, 1983).- 5.2. Inhibitory Synaptic Actions (Szentagothai, 1983).- 5.3. The Special Design Features of a Cortical Module.- 6. Pattern Generation in the Neocortex.- 7. The Function of Horizontal Fibers (Jones and Powell, 1970a).- 8. Patterns in Cognitive Memory.- 9. A Neuronal Model of Memory Built on the Role of Calcium in Long-Term Potentiation.- 10. Generation of Module Patterns in Relation to Memory and Retrieval.- 11. A Simple Model of Cognitive Memory.- 12. Self-Consciousness and Memory.- 13. Special Design Features of the Neocortex.- 14. References.- I. Transmitters.- 2 Neurotransmitters in Cerebral Cortex: A General Account.- 1. Growth of Ideas about Cortical Neurotransmitters.- 1.1. Early Period.- 1.2. Developments in the 1950s.- 1.3. New Transmitters and Modes of Action Are Indicated by Iontophoretic Studies.- 2. Present Situation.- 2.1. New Techniques.- 2.2. GABA.- 2.3. L-Glutamate.- 2.4. Acetylcholine.- 2.5. Other Transmitters or Modulators.- 3. Conclusions.- 4. References.- 3 GABA Neurons in the Cerebral Corte.- 1. Introduction.- 2. GABA Terminals.- 2.1. Laminar Distribution.- 2.2. Ultrastructural Characteristics.- 2.3. Synaptic Relationships.- 3. GABA Somata.- 3.1. Locations.- 3.2. General Morphological Characteristics.- 3.3. Probable Morphological Cell Types.- 4. Speculative Model of GABAergic Cortical Circuitry.- 5. References.- 4 Functional Considerations of the Operation of GABAergic Inhibitory Processes in the Visual Corte.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Intracortical Inhibition and GABAergic Synapses.- 3. Neuropharmacological Techniques for Evaluating the Function of GABAergic Synapses in the Visual Cortex.- 4. Influence of GABAergic Processes on Receptive Field Properties.- 4.1. Simple Cells.- 4.2. Complex Cells.- 4.3. Ocular Dominance.- 4.4. Length Preference.- 5. The Organization of Intracortical Inhibition: An Evaluation.- 5.1. Laterally Directed Inhibitory Interactions.- 5.2. Synaptic Basis.- 6. References.- 5 Glutamate and Aspartate as Transmitter Candidates for Systems of the Cerebral Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glu and Asp as Transmitter Candidates in Corticofugal Pathways.- 2.1. Synthesis of Glu and Asp.- 2.2. Presence and Regional Distribution.- 2.3. Release and Collectibility.- 2.4. Postsynaptic Transmitter-Receptor Interactions.- 2.5. Inactivation and Uptake.- 2.6. Retrograde Migration of Transmitter-Related Compounds-Transmitter-Specific Retrograde Labeling of Pathways.- 2.7. Summary of Glu and Asp in Corticofugal Systems.- 3. Glu and Asp in Corticocortical and Transcallosal Systems.- 4. Glu and Asp in Afferent Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex.- 5. Glu and Asp as Transmitter Candidates for Local Elements in the Cerebral Cortex.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 7. References.- 6 Peptide-Containing Neurons of the Cerebral Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- 3. Cholecystokinin.- 4. Somatostatin.- 5. Neuropeptide Y.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- II. Receptors.- 7 Autoradiographic Localization of Receptor Sites in the Cerebral Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Evolution of Receptor Autoradiography.- 1.2. What Can We Learn from Receptor Localizations?.- 2. Methods.- 3. Receptor Localizations in the Neocortex.- 3.1. Receptors for Acetylcholine and Biogenic Amines.- 3.2. Receptors for Peptide Neurotransmitters.- 3.3. Receptors for Amino Acid Neurotransmitters.- 3.4. Other Receptors.- 4. Neurotransmitter-Specific Connections in the Cerebral Cortex.- 4.1. Correlation between Receptor Localization and Neurotransmitter-Specific Innervation.- 4.2. Possible Reasons for Areas of Apparent Discrepancy between Receptor Localization and Neurotransmitter-Specific Innervation.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- III. Morphological Correlates.- 8 Physiological Properties of Identified Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization and Morphology of Cortical Neurons.- 2.1. Visual Cortex of the Cat.- 2.2. Visual Cortex of the Rat.- 3. Functional Properties of Neurons in the Visual Cortex.- 4. Functional Properties of Morphologically Identified Neurons.- 4.1. Visual Cortex of the Cat.- 4.2. Visual Cortex of the Rat.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 9 Neuronal Circuits in Cat Striate Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Points of Entry of Thalamic Input to Cortex: The Location and Type of Recipient Cell.- 3. The Morphology of Physiologically Characterized LGN Afferents.- 4. Morphology and Physiological Characteristics of the Main Classes of Spiny Cells.- 5. Relation of Dendritic Morphology to Receptive Fields.- 6. Relay of Excitation through the Cortical Laminae: Some Speculations.- 6.1. The Number of Synapses Needed to Elicit an Action Potential.- 6.2. The Role of Patchy Connections.- 6.3. The Question of Who Talks to Whom.- 7. Cells with Smooth Dendrites: Morphology, Physiological Characteristics, and Possible Functional Role.- 7.1. Basket Cells.- 7.2. Integration of Basket Cells in the Cortical Circuitry.- 7.3. The Axoaxonic Cell.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- 10 The Structure of Neuroglial Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Neuroglial Cells: A Perspective.- 2.1. Astrocytes.- 2.2. Oligodendroglia.- 2.3. Microglia.- 3. Electron Microscopy.- 3.1. Astrocytes.- 3.2. Oligodendroglia.- 3.3. Microglia.- 4. Light Microscopy.- 4.1. Nissl-Stained Sections and Semithin Plastic Sections.- 4.2. Metallic Stains and Impregnation.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.