| Foreword | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xvii |
| Introduction: Themes in Historical Materialism | p. 1 |
| Questions of theory | p. 4 |
| A Marxist characterisation of 'Asiatic' régimes | p. 15 |
| From the Asiatic to the tributary mode: Marx, Haldon and beyond | p. 17 |
| Ruler and ruling class: configurations of the tributary mode | p. 23 |
| Some general conclusions | p. 41 |
| Modes of Production in a Materialist Conception of History | p. 45 |
| The retreat into historical formalism | p. 45 |
| Produktionsweise as 'labour-process' and 'epoch of production' | p. 50 |
| Levels of abstraction in historical materialism | p. 52 |
| Wage-labour as abstract determination and determinate abstraction | p. 52 |
| Serf-owning capital | p. 55 |
| The defining role of the laws of motion | p. 58 |
| The failure of abstraction in vulgar Marxism | p. 61 |
| Reading history backwards | p. 65 |
| Slavery and the world-market | p. 67 |
| 'Slavery' | p. 67 |
| The nascent world-market | p. 71 |
| Feudal production | p. 72 |
| The estate | p. 72 |
| Peculiarities of the 'second serfdom' | p. 79 |
| Commodity-feudalism as the pure form | p. 82 |
| Modes of production as objects of long duration | p. 87 |
| Two brief conclusions | p. 92 |
| Simple-commodity production: a 'determination of form' | p. 94 |
| The peasant mode of production | p. 94 |
| The simple-commodity producer as wage-slave | p. 95 |
| Historical Arguments for a 'Logic of Deployment' in 'Precapitalist' Agriculture | p. 103 |
| Part I | p. 104 |
| Part II | p. 107 |
| Part III | p. Ill |
| Workers Before Capitalism | p. 117 |
| The Fictions of Free Labour: Contract, Coercion and so-called Unfree Labour | p. 131 |
| Premises: the elusive reality of consent | p. 131 |
| A Marxism of liberal mystifications? | p. 134 |
| Forms of exploitation based on wage-labour | p. 143 |
| 'Free contract' in Sartre's Critique | p. 150 |
| Summary | p. 153 |
| Agrarian History and the Labour-Organisation of Byzantine Large Estates | p. 155 |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| A historiography of abstractions | p. 157 |
| Rural stratification: geouchountes, ktetores and ergatai | p. 159 |
| The case for permanent labour | p. 161 |
| Restructuring in the later empire | p. 166 |
| The new estates | p. 168 |
| The labour-organisation of sixth-century estates | p. 173 |
| Conclusion | p. 177 |
| Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages: What Kind of Transition? | p. 181 |
| Introduction: Marxist uncertainties | p. 181 |
| Background to the late empire | p. 185 |
| Unresolved issues | p. 188 |
| The reshaping of relations of production | p. 190 |
| The legacy of the colonate | p. 191 |
| Slavery and the post-Roman labour-force | p. 198 |
| The legacy of direct management | p. 203 |
| What happened to the aristocracy? | p. 208 |
| Final comments: Wickham and modes of production | p. 210 |
| Aristocracies, Peasantries and the Framing of the Early Middle Ages | p. 215 |
| Introduction | p. 215 |
| Aristocracies | p. 219 |
| The agrarian watershed of the seventh century | p. 224 |
| Critique of Wickham | p. 231 |
| The East: vulnerability | p. 240 |
| Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism | p. 251 |
| Historiographies of capital | p. 251 |
| Towards a Marxist theory of commercial capitalism | p. 255 |
| From corporate capitalism to the earliest capitalist forms of association | p. 258 |
| The Arab trade-empire | p. 262 |
| From Genoa to Portugal | p. 268 |
| Company-capitalism and the advance system | p. 270 |
| Concluding note: merchant-capitalism and labour | p. 273 |
| Capitalist Domination and the Small Peasantry: The Deccan Districts in the Late Nineteenth Century | p. 277 |
| The 'subordination of labour to capital' | p. 277 |
| Commodity-expansion in the Deccan districts, 1850-90 | p. 283 |
| Structure of capital in the Deccan | p. 292 |
| 'Interest' as surplus-value: increasing formal subsumption of labour into capital | p. 301 |
| The big peasantry of the Deccan | p. 310 |
| Peasant-differentiation | p. 317 |
| The stage of evolution of capitalism in the nineteenth-century Deccan | p. 324 |
| Trajectories of Accumulation or 'Transitions' to Capitalism? | p. 333 |
| Modes of Production: A Synthesis | p. 349 |
| Marxists and feudalism | p. 353 |
| The tributary mode | p. 354 |
| Periodising capitalism | p. 356 |
| Articulation? | p. 359 |
| Publications of Jairus Banaji | p. 361 |
| References | p. 365 |
| Index | p. 393 |
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