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| Preface | p. vii |
| Contributors | p. ix |
| Biological Clocks at the End of the 20th Century | p. 1 |
| Clocks, Genes and Evolution: The Evolution of Circadian Organization | p. 5 |
| Introduction | p. 5 |
| Clocks | p. 6 |
| Genes | p. 7 |
| Evolution | p. 9 |
| Population replication | p. 9 |
| Population size | p. 10 |
| The effect of novel environments | p. 10 |
| Mutant and isofemale lines | p. 10 |
| Ancestry, controls, and the evidence for adaptation | p. 11 |
| Tradeoffs and the genetic architecture of fitness | p. 12 |
| Evidence for adaptive significance of circadian organization | p. 13 |
| Persistence circadian rhythms in aperiodic environments | p. 13 |
| Circadian resonance and fitness effects of rhythm disruption | p. 14 |
| Significance of biological clocks in the wild | p. 15 |
| Evidence from clines | p. 15 |
| Selection studies | p. 15 |
| What do we know about the evolutionary genetics of circadian organization? | p. 17 |
| Future Paths | p. 18 |
| References | p. 20 |
| Circadian Frequency and Its Variability | p. 24 |
| Functional aspects of [tau] | p. 24 |
| Is the deviation of [tau] from 24 hours adaptive? | p. 25 |
| Can variations of [tau] tell us something about mechanism? | p. 28 |
| Precision | p. 29 |
| Stability | p. 29 |
| Accuracy | p. 29 |
| Model simulations | p. 33 |
| Conclusion | p. 35 |
| References | p. 35 |
| Period Doubling of Rhythmic Water Regulation in Plants | p. 38 |
| Introduction | p. 38 |
| Models of the water regulatory system | p. 39 |
| A mathematical description | p. 41 |
| Atypical waveforms | p. 41 |
| Discussion of the model and period doubling | p. 43 |
| References | p. 44 |
| The Genetics and Molecular Biology of Circadian Clocks | p. 46 |
| Introduction | p. 46 |
| The circadian clock in bacteria | p. 46 |
| The circadian clock in fungi | p. 48 |
| The circadian clock in insects | p. 50 |
| The circadian clock in vertebrates | p. 53 |
| Conclusion | p. 56 |
| References | p. 56 |
| The Circadian Systems of Cells | p. 60 |
| Introduction | p. 60 |
| Gonyaulax, an example for a single cell clock | p. 61 |
| Entrainment of cellular clocks | p. 63 |
| Coupling between oscillators | p. 64 |
| Open questions | p. 66 |
| References | p. 66 |
| Retinal Circadian Rhythms | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Mechanisms controlling the sensitivity of compound eyes are governed by the circadian clock | p. 73 |
| The circadian pacemaker controlling these retinal rhythms lies in the photic input pathways next to the higher optic neuropils | p. 73 |
| Efferent fibres signal the circadian time to the retina | p. 76 |
| Retinal rhythms directly monitor the circadian "System Time" | p. 79 |
| Conclusion | p. 80 |
| References | p. 80 |
| Perception of Natural Zeitgeber Signals | p. 83 |
| Introduction | p. 83 |
| Dawn and dusk deliver the most precise natural timing cues | p. 83 |
| Simulated twilight results in better synchronisation than lights on/off | p. 84 |
| Specialised photoreceptors and/or neuronal networks are necessary as zeitgeber receptors | p. 85 |
| The photoreceptor system of scorpions as a model of a dusk detector | p. 88 |
| Eyes of the biological clocks in vertebrates and invertebrates | p. 90 |
| Conclusions | p. 90 |
| References | p. 91 |
| Photoreceptors for the Circadian Clock of the Fruitfly | p. 94 |
| Introduction | p. 94 |
| Characteristics of circadian rhythms in Drosophila | p. 95 |
| Action spectra suggest the involvement of several photopigments in circadian photoreception | p. 95 |
| Generation of circadian rhythmicity on the molecular level | p. 100 |
| Entrainment of the molecular feed back oscillator | p. 101 |
| Conclusions | p. 103 |
| References | p. 104 |
| Photoentrainment of Vertebrate Circadian Rhythms | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| Photoentrainment in non-mammals | p. 108 |
| Extraretinal photoreceptors | p. 108 |
| The characterisation of the extraretinal photoreceptors | p. 109 |
| Novel extraretinal photopigments | p. 110 |
| Multiple extraretinal photopigments | p. 111 |
| Photoentrainment in mammals | p. 111 |
| Novel ocular photoreceptors | p. 112 |
| A novel opsin photopigment in the mammalian retina | p. 113 |
| A role for rods and cones | p. 114 |
| Multiple photopigments and twilight detection | p. 114 |
| References | p. 116 |
| Circadian Organization in Fish and Amphibians | p. 120 |
| Physiology of fish circadian systems | p. 120 |
| Molecular biology of teleost circadian systems | p. 123 |
| Physiology of amphibian circadian systems | p. 124 |
| Molecular biology of amphibian circadian systems | p. 125 |
| References | p. 126 |
| The Circadian Organization of Reptiles | p. 129 |
| Introduction | p. 129 |
| Pineal complex in the regulation of circadian rhythms | p. 130 |
| Circadian oscillation in vitro | p. 130 |
| Role of pineal and melatonin in regulation of circadian rhythms | p. 132 |
| Pineal and seasonality | p. 133 |
| Role of the retina in the circadian system | p. 136 |
| Role of hypothalamic areas in circadian organization | p. 137 |
| Conclusions | p. 140 |
| References | p. 140 |
| The Circadian Pacemaking System of Birds | p. 144 |
| Introduction | p. 144 |
| General organization of the avian circadian pacemaking system | p. 145 |
| The pineal gland | p. 145 |
| The retina | p. 147 |
| The avian "SCN" | p. 148 |
| Functional significance of the individual circadian systems for the generation of circadian rhythms at the organismic level | p. 148 |
| Plasticity and seasonality of the circadian pacemaking system | p. 154 |
| The transduction of information about time into complex behaviour | p. 154 |
| Possible implications for ecology and behaviour | p. 156 |
| Conclusions, speculations and perspectives | p. 158 |
| References | p. 159 |
| Neurochemical Aspects of the Entrainment of the Mammalian Suprachiasmatic Circadian Pacemaker | p. 164 |
| Introduction | p. 164 |
| Other RHT neurotransmitters | p. 166 |
| Substance P | p. 166 |
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide | p. 168 |
| Non-photic inputs to the SCN | p. 169 |
| Serotonin | p. 169 |
| Neuropeptide Y | p. 170 |
| GABA | p. 171 |
| Nitric oxide | p. 172 |
| Acetylcholine | p. 172 |
| Intrinsic neuropeptides of the SCN | p. 173 |
| Gastrin-releasing peptide | p. 173 |
| Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide | p. 174 |
| Arginine vasopressin | p. 175 |
| Somatostatin | p. 175 |
| Other neural inputs | p. 175 |
| Neurotensin | p. 175 |
| Orexin/Hypocretin | p. 176 |
| Growth hormone-releasing factor | p. 176 |
| Corticotropin-releasing factor | p. 177 |
| Future studies | p. 177 |
| References | p. 178 |
| Photoperiodism in Plants | p. 181 |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| The discovery of photoperiodism | p. 181 |
| Selective advantage | p. 183 |
| Perception and induction occurs in the leaves | p. 183 |
| Induction requires measurement of day or night length | p. 183 |
| Control of the photoperiodic response rhythm (PRR) | p. 185 |
| Actions of light; roles of photoreceptors | p. 188 |
| Conclusions | p. 189 |
| References | p. 190 |
| Photoperiodism in Birds and Mammals | p. 192 |
| Photoperiodic regulation of seasonal reproduction | p. 192 |
| The role of the circadian clock in photoperiodic time measurement | p. 193 |
| Basic principles | p. 193 |
| Birds | p. 194 |
| Photoperiodism in mammals: recent developments | p. 198 |
| The neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating reproduction in birds | p. 199 |
| Photostimulation | p. 199 |
| The role of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the photoperiodic control of reproduction | p. 199 |
| Photorefractoriness | p. 201 |
| The role of melatonin in seasonal neuroplasticity in songbirds: its action as an inhibitory hormone | p. 201 |
| References | p. 203 |
| Ultradian Rhythms | p. 207 |
| Introduction | p. 207 |
| Mechanisms | p. 208 |
| Basic rest-activity cycle | p. 208 |
| Allometry | p. 209 |
| Functions | p. 210 |
| Rhythms in voles | p. 212 |
| References | p. 213 |
| Biological Rhythms in Arctic Animals | p. 216 |
| Introduction | p. 216 |
| Activity rhythms in the Arctic | p. 217 |
| Pineal secretion of melatonin | p. 219 |
| Adaptations to Arctic light conditions | p. 220 |
| References | p. 222 |
| Diversity in the Circadian Response to Melatonin in Mammals | p. 224 |
| Introduction | p. 224 |
| Entrainment to melatonin | p. 224 |
| Melatonin administration under LD entrainment | p. 227 |
| Melatonin phase response curves | p. 228 |
| Site(s) of melatonin action | p. 228 |
| Conclusions | p. 229 |
| References | p. 229 |
| Light Sensitivity of the Biological Clock | p. 232 |
| Introduction | p. 232 |
| The photoperiodic clock | p. 233 |
| CRPP: phasic effects | p. 235 |
| Induction vs. entrainment | p. 236 |
| Temporal photosensitivity | p. 236 |
| Non-reproductive circadian functions | p. 237 |
| Non-circadian functions | p. 238 |
| Remarks | p. 238 |
| Conclusions and implications | p. 239 |
| References | p. 240 |
| Index | p. 245 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9783540428534
ISBN-10: 3540428534
Published: 1st May 2002
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 276
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: DE
Dimensions (cm): 24.13 x 19.05 x 2.54
Weight (kg): 0.74
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