| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Introduction to Energy Sources | p. 1 |
| Short Supply of Fossil Fuels | p. 4 |
| Petroleum in the World | p. 4 |
| Natural Gas as the Fastest Growing Primary Energy Source in the World | p. 10 |
| Coal as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock | p. 15 |
| Introduction to Renewable and Biorenewable Sources | p. 18 |
| Non-combustible Renewable Energy Sources | p. 20 |
| Biorenewable Energy Sources | p. 31 |
| References | p. 43 |
| Biomass Feedstocks | p. 45 |
| Introduction to Biomass Feedstocks | p. 45 |
| Definitions | p. 46 |
| Biomass Feedstocks | p. 54 |
| Biomass Characterization | p. 58 |
| Characterization of Biomass Feedstock and Products | p. 59 |
| Biomass Process Design and Development | p. 60 |
| Biomass Fuel Analyses | p. 61 |
| Particle Size and Specific Gravity | p. 62 |
| Ash Content | p. 62 |
| Moisture Content | p. 62 |
| Extractive Content | p. 62 |
| Element Content | p. 63 |
| Structural Constituent Content | p. 63 |
| The Energy Value of Biomass | p. 63 |
| Biomass Optimization and Valorization | p. 65 |
| Fuels from Biomass | p. 67 |
| Chemicals from Biomass | p. 70 |
| Char from Biomass | p. 72 |
| Adhesives from Biomass | p. 74 |
| Valorization of Wood | p. 78 |
| References | p. 81 |
| Biofuels | p. 87 |
| Introduction to Biofuels | p. 87 |
| Economic Impact of Biofuels | p. 90 |
| Environmental Impact of Biofuels | p. 94 |
| References | p. 99 |
| Biorenewable Liquid Fuels | p. 103 |
| Introduction to Biorenewable Liquid Fuels | p. 103 |
| Evaluation of Gasoline-Alcohol Mixtures as Motor Fuel Alternatives | p. 104 |
| Evaluation of Vegetable Oils and Diesel Fuel Mixtures as Motor Fuel Alternatives | p. 105 |
| Bioalcohols | p. 105 |
| Alternate Fuels to Gasoline | p. 106 |
| Bioethanol | p. 108 |
| Synthetic Ethanol Production Processes | p. 108 |
| Production of Ethanol from Biomass | p. 109 |
| Sugars from Biomass by Hydrolysis | p. 111 |
| Bioethanol Production by Fermentation of Carbohydrates | p. 115 |
| Bioethanol Feedstocks | p. 119 |
| Fuel Properties of Ethanol | p. 120 |
| Biomethanol | p. 122 |
| Vegetable Oils | p. 126 |
| Alternatives to Diesel Fuel | p. 131 |
| Vegetable Oil Resources | p. 133 |
| The Use of Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuel | p. 137 |
| New Biorenewable Fuels from Vegetable Oils | p. 143 |
| Properties of Triglycerides | p. 153 |
| Triglyceride Economy | p. 156 |
| Biodiesel | p. 156 |
| The History of Biodiesel | p. 158 |
| Definitions of Biodiesel | p. 160 |
| Biodiesel from Triglycerides via Transesterification | p. 162 |
| Recovery of Glycerol | p. 171 |
| Reaction Mechanism of Transesterification | p. 173 |
| Current Biodiesel Production Technologies | p. 176 |
| Biodiesel Production Processes | p. 180 |
| Basic Plant Equipment Used in Biodiesel Production | p. 185 |
| Fuel Properties of Biodiesels | p. 186 |
| Advantages of Biodiesels | p. 193 |
| Disadvantages of Biodiesel as Motor Fuel | p. 198 |
| Engine Performance Tests | p. 199 |
| Bio-oils from Biorenewables | p. 211 |
| Other Alternate Liquid Fuels | p. 217 |
| Glycerol-Based Fuel Oxygenates for Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Blends | p. 217 |
| P-series Fuels | p. 220 |
| Dimethyl Ether (DME) | p. 221 |
| Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Liquid Fuel from Biomass | p. 221 |
| Other Bio-oxygenated Liquid Fuels | p. 222 |
| References | p. 223 |
| Biorenewable Gaseous Fuels | p. 231 |
| Introduction to Biorenewable Gaseous Fuels | p. 231 |
| Biogas | p. 232 |
| Aerobic Conversion Processes | p. 233 |
| Anaerobic Conversion Processes | p. 233 |
| Biogas Processing | p. 236 |
| Reactor Technology for Anaerobic Digestion | p. 242 |
| Landfill Gas | p. 245 |
| Crude Gases from Pyrolysis and Gasification of Biomass | p. 248 |
| Biohydrogen from Biorenewable Feedstocks | p. 249 |
| Hydrogen from Biorenewable Feedstocks via Thermochemical Conversion Processes | p. 250 |
| Biohydrogen from Biorenewable Feedstocks | p. 254 |
| Gaseous Fuels from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Biomass | p. 255 |
| References | p. 257 |
| Thermochemical Conversion Processes | p. 261 |
| Introduction to Thermochemical Conversion Processes | p. 261 |
| Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Biorenewables | p. 264 |
| Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biorenewable Feedstocks | p. 266 |
| The Role of Water During the HTL Process | p. 270 |
| HTU Applications | p. 270 |
| Direct Combustion of Biomass | p. 271 |
| Combustion Efficiency | p. 273 |
| Direct Liquefaction | p. 275 |
| Pyrolysis Processes | p. 277 |
| Reaction Mechanism of Pyrolysis | p. 281 |
| Gasification Research and Development | p. 283 |
| Biomass Gasification | p. 285 |
| Biomass Gasification Systems | p. 287 |
| Electricity from Cogenerative Biomass Firing Power Plants | p. 293 |
| Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) | p. 296 |
| Supercritical Steam Gasification | p. 299 |
| References | p. 302 |
| Biofuel Economy | p. 305 |
| Introduction to Biofuel Economy | p. 305 |
| Biofuel Economy | p. 307 |
| Estimation of Biofuel Prices | p. 309 |
| Biodiesel Economy | p. 309 |
| Bioethanol Economy | p. 313 |
| Biorenewable Energy Costs and Biohydrogen Economy | p. 315 |
| References | p. 316 |
| Biofuel Policy | p. 319 |
| Introduction to Biofuel Policy | p. 319 |
| Biofuel Policy | p. 320 |
| Biodiesel Policy | p. 321 |
| Global Biofuel Projections | p. 325 |
| References | p. 328 |
| Index | p. 331 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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