Foreword xvii
Foreword to the First Edition by Jerry Laiserin xxi
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxxi
About the Companion Website xxxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.0 Executive Summary 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 AECO Business Models 2
1.2.1 Design- Bid- Build 4
1.2.2 Design- Build 7
1.2.3 Construction Management at Risk 7
1.2.4 Integrated Project Delivery and Other Collaborative Procurement Models 9
1.2.5 What Kind of Building Procurement Is Best When BIM Is Used? 11
1.3 BIM: State- of- the- Art Technologies and Processes 12
1.3.1 BIM Models 12
1.3.2 BIM Platforms and Tools 14
1.3.3 BIM Processes 14
1.3.4 Uses of BIM 17
1.3.5 Collaboration in Design and Construction 19
1.4 BIM as a Lifecycle Information Source for Built Facilities 20
1.5 What are the Benefits of BIM? What Problems Does it Address? 22
1.5.1 Preconstruction Benefits to Owner 22
1.5.2 Benefits for Architectural and Engineering Design 23
1.5.3 Construction and Fabrication Benefits 26
1.5.4 Post Construction Benefits 28
1.6 BIM and Lean Construction 28
1.7 What Challenges can be Expected? 31
1.7.1 Challenges with Collaboration and Teaming 31
1.7.2 Legal Changes to Documentation Ownership and Production 32
1.7.3 Changes in Practice and Use of Information 32
1.7.4 Implementation Issues 32
1.8 Future of Designing, Building, and Operating With BIM 34
1.9 Case Studies 34
Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 34
Chapter 2 Core BIM Enabling Technologies 37
2.0 Executive Summary 37
2.1 Introduction to Core BIM Enabling Technologies 38
2.2 The Evolution of Object- Based Parametric Modeling 39
2.2.1 Birth of 3D Feature- Based Modeling 39
2.2.2 Object- Based Modeling and Properties 42
2.2.3 Parametric Modeling and Object Behavior 45
2.2.4 BIM for Knowledge Embedment and Management 48
2.3 Interoperability and Interfacing Technologies 50
2.3.1 Causes of Interoperability Problems 52
2.3.2 Information Requirements and Data Schemas on Three Levels 53
2.3.3 Different Kinds of Data Exchange Methods 55
2.3.4 Interfacing Technologies 58
2.4 From File- Based Data Exchange to Object- Based Project Management and Collaboration 62
2.4.1 Advent of BIM Servers 62
2.4.2 Project Transactions and Synchronization 63
2.5 BIM Standards 68
2.5.1 Standardization Efforts and Organizations 68
2.5.2 Information Framework Standards 70
2.5.3 Information Management and Requirements Standards 82
Chapter 2 Discussion Questions 92
Chapter 3 BIM Tools, Platforms, and Environments 93
3.0 Executive Summary 93
3.1 BIM Environments, Platforms, and Tools 94
3.2 BIM Platforms 96
3.2.1 Considerations for Selecting BIM Platforms 97
3.2.2 Allplan 100
3.2.3 Archicad 101
3.2.4 Digital Project, CATIA, and 3DExperience 102
3.2.5 OpenBuildings Designer 104
3.2.6 Revit 105
3.2.7 Tekla Structures 107
3.2.8 Vectorworks Design Suite 108
3.2.9 AutoCAD- Based Applications 109
3.3 BIM Servers 110
3.3.1 Functionality of BIM Servers 111
3.3.2 BIM Server Products 114
3.4 Design Review and Collaboration Tools 117
3.4.1 Model Viewers 118
3.4.2 Real- Time Rendering for Extended Reality 119
3.4.3 Project Collaboration 120
3.4.4 Model Checkers 121
3.5 Construction Management Tools 126
Chapter 3 Discussion Questions 128
Chapter 4 BIM for Owners and Facility Managers 129
4.0 Executive Summary 129
4.1 Introduction: Why Owners Should Care About BIM 130
4.2 Owner’s Role in a BIM Project 134
4.2.1 Design Assessment 134
4.2.2 Complexity of Building Infrastructure and Building Environment 139
4.2.3 Time to Market: Schedule Management 140
4.2.4 Cost Management and Project Control 144
4.2.5 Sustainability 146
4.2.6 Facility and Information Asset Management 147
4.2.7 BIM and the Public Procurement Process 149
4.3 BIM Tool Guides for Owners 150
4.3.1 BIM Cost Estimating Tools 153
4.3.2 Facility and Asset Management Tools 153
4.3.3 Operation Simulation Tools 155
4.4 An Owner and Facility Manager’s Building Model 155
4.4.1 Information Content of BIM-FM Model 155
4.4.2 Alternative Approaches to Creating a BIM-FM Model 161
4.4.3 Classification of Model Data and Standards 164
4.5 Leading the BIM Implementation on a Project 166
4.5.1 Develop Guidelines for Use of BIM on Projects 167
4.5.2 Build Internal Leadership and Knowledge 170
4.5.3 Service Provider Selection 171
4.5.4 Provide for Use of a “Big Room” for Design and Construction 173
4.5.5 Adopt and Specify a CDE 174
4.6 Challenges for BIM Implementation: Risks and Common Myths 175
4.7 Considerations for Owners When Adopting BIM 179
4.7.1 Perform a Pilot Project with a Short Time Frame, a Small Qualified Team, and a Clear Goal 179
4.7.2 Do a Prototype Dry Run 179
4.7.3 Focus on Clear Business Goals 179
4.7.4 Select a Project Team That Has Demonstrated Prior BIM Experience 180
4.7.5 Establish Metrics to Assess Progress 180
4.7.6 Actively Participate in the BIM Effort 180
4.7.7 Increase Internal BIM Knowledge 181
4.8 BIM for FM Case Study— Korea Airports Corporation 181
4.8.1 A Digital Twin for Space Management 182
4.8.2 Real-time Air Traffic Monitoring 182
4.8.3 Real-time Passenger Monitoring 185
4.8.4 Information Quality Checking 185
4.8.5 Inspection and Repair Management 185
Chapter 4 Discussion Questions 187
Chapter 5 BIM for Architects and Engineers 189
5.0 Executive Summary 189
5.1 Introduction 191
5.2 Impact of BIM on Design Services 194
5.3 BIM Use in Design and Engineering Processes 196
5.3.1 Conceptual Design 197
5.3.2 Design Development 215
5.3.3 Prefabrication 224
5.3.4 Construction Documentation 224
5.3.5 Design Review 230
5.3.6 Drawing Generation and Document Production 234
5.4 Building Object Models and Libraries 237
5.4.1 Embedding Expertise into Building Components 238
5.4.2 Object Libraries 240
5.4.3 BIM Object Portals 243
5.5 Considerations in Adoption for Design Practice 243
5.5.1 Justification for Information Modeling Cost 244
5.5.2 From Conceptual Design to Construction 246
5.6 Generative Design: The Yeosu– Namhae Underwater Tunnel 248
5.7 Advanced Delivery of Structural Design Information: Nine The Esplanade, Elizabeth Quay Project 251
5.7.1 Conventional Delivery of Construction Information 253
5.7.2 Advanced Delivery of Construction Information 253
5.7.3 BIM Process 254
5.7.4 The Impact 257
Chapter 5 Discussion Questions 258
Chapter 6 BIM for Contractors 261
6.0 Executive Summary 261
6.1 Introduction 264
6.2 Types of Construction Firms 264
6.3 Information Contractors Want From BIM 266
6.4 BIM-Enabled Process Change 268
6.4.1 Virtual Construction 268
6.4.2 Leaner Construction 269
6.4.3 Paperless Construction 271
6.4.4 Increased Distribution of Work 271
6.4.5 Digital Twin Construction 273
6.5 Developing a Construction Building Information Model 273
6.5.1 BIM for Tendering 276
6.5.2 Product and Process Detailing 276
6.5.3 Big Room Colocation 280
6.5.4 Using a Contractor Building Information Model 282
6.6 3D: Visualization and Coordination 283
6.7 4D: Construction Analysis and Planning 287
6.7.1 4D Models to Support Construction Planning 288
6.7.2 Benefits of 4D Models 289
6.7.3 BIM Tools with 4D Capability 292
6.7.4 BIM-Supported Planning and Scheduling Issues and Guidelines 296
6.8 5D: Quantity Takeoff and Cost Estimating 297
6.8.1 Extracting Quantities from BIM Models for Estimating 298
6.8.2 Guidelines and BIM Implementation Issues to Support Quantity Takeoff and Estimating 300
6.9 Production Planning and Control 302
6.10 Off-Site Fabrication and Modular Construction 304
6.11 BIM in the Field 306
6.11.1 Delivering Design Information to the Field 306
6.11.2 Coordinating Production 310
6.11.3 Surveying Site Conditions 311
6.11.4 Monitoring Construction Progress 316
6.12 Cost and Schedule Control and Other Management Functions 318
6.13 Commissioning and Turnover 321
Chapter 6 Discussion Questions 322
Chapter 7 BIM for Subcontractors and Fabricators 325
7.0 Executive Summary 325
7.1 Introduction 326
7.2 Types of Subcontractors and Fabricators 328
7.2.1 Subcontractor Trades 329
7.2.2 Made-to-Stock and Made-to-Order Component Suppliers 331
7.2.3 Engineered- to-Order Component Fabricators 332
7.2.4 Design Service Providers and Specialist Coordinators 333
7.2.5 Full-Service Design-Build Prefabricated and Modular Construction 334
7.2.6 Design for Manufacture 334
7.3 The Benefits of a BIM Process for Subcontractor Fabricators 335
7.3.1 Marketing and Tendering 337
7.3.2 Reduced Production Cycle Times 338
7.3.3 Fewer Design Coordination Errors 339
7.3.4 Lower Engineering and Detailing Costs 343
7.3.5 Increased Use of Automated Manufacturing Technologies 344
7.3.6 Increased Preassembly, Prefabrication, and Modular Construction 346
7.3.7 Quality Control, Supply Chain Management, and Lifecycle Maintenance 347
7.4 Generic BIM System Requirements for Fabricators 349
7.4.1 Parametric and Customizable Parts and Relationships 350
7.4.2 Reporting Components for Fabrication 353
7.4.3 Interface to Management Information Systems 354
7.4.4 Interoperability 355
7.4.5 Information Visualization 355
7.4.6 Automation of Fabrication Tasks 357
7.5 Specific BIM Requirements for Fabrication 357
7.5.1 Traditional ETO Component Fabricators 357
7.5.2 Modular Construction 365
7.5.3 3D Printing and Robotic Construction 367
7.6 Adopting BIM in a Fabrication Operation 368
7.6.1 Setting Appropriate Goals 369
7.6.2 Adoption Activities 370
7.6.3 Planning the Pace of Change 371
7.6.4 Human Resource Considerations 373
7.7 Focchi Group’s Use of BIM for High-End Curtain Wall Design, Fabrication, and Installation 373
7.7.1 The Company and Its Services 373
7.7.2 BIM Adoption 376
7.7.3 Information System Architecture 377
7.7.4 Façade Layout Design and Coordination 378
7.7.5 Detailed Design for Production of Parts 381
7.7.6 Smart Construction Site 382
7.7.7 Future Development 383
Chapter 7 Discussion Questions 385
Chapter 8 Facilitators of BIM Adoption and Implementation 387
8.0 Executive Summary 387
8.1 Introduction 388
8.2 BIM Mandates 389
8.2.1 Significance of Government BIM Mandates 390
8.2.2 The Status of Government BIM Mandates Around the World 394
8.2.3 Motivations 395
8.2.4 BIM Requirements 395
8.2.5 Challenges and Considerations 396
8.3 BIM Roadmaps, Maturity Models, and Measures 397
8.3.1 BIM Roadmaps 397
8.3.2 BIM Maturity Models 403
8.3.3 BIM Measures 406
8.4 BIM Guides 407
8.4.1 BIM Guides by Region and Organization 408
8.4.2 BIM Guides by Topic 410
8.5 BIM Education and Training 411
8.5.1 Transition of Senior Staff 412
8.5.2 BIM Roles and Responsibilities 413
8.5.3 Industry Training and Certificate Programs 416
8.5.4 University Education Programs 420
8.6 Considerations for Adoption and Deployment 421
8.7 Legal, Security, and Best Practice Issues 423
8.7.1 Legal and Intellectual Property Issues 423
8.7.2 Cyber Security for BIM 426
8.7.3 Best Practices and Other Social Issues 427
Chapter 8 Discussion Questions 428
Chapter 9 The Future: Building with BIM 431
9.0 Executive Summary 431
9.1 Introduction 433
9.2 BIM Before 2000: Predicting Trends 434
9.3 Development and Impact of BIM from 2000 to 2020 439
9.3.1 Impact on Owners: Better Options, Better Reliability 439
9.3.2 Impact on the Design Professions 443
9.3.3 Impact on Construction Companies 444
9.3.4 Impact on Building Material and Component Suppliers 446
9.3.5 Impact on Construction Education: Integrated Education 446
9.3.6 Impact on Statutory Authorities: Model Access and Review 446
9.3.7 Impact on Project Documentation: On-Demand Drawings 447
9.3.8 Impact on BIM Tools: More Integration, More Specialization, More Information 448
9.4 Current Trends 449
9.4.1 Process Trends 449
9.4.2 Technology Trends 453
9.4.3 Commercial Trends 455
9.4.4 Innovation Trends 456
9.4.5 Obstacles to Change 458
9.5 Vision 2030 459
9.5.1 Thoroughly Digital Design 459
9.5.2 Artificial Intelligence in Design 461
9.5.3 Automated Code Checking 462
9.5.4 Support for Sustainable Construction 463
9.5.5 Off-site Construction 465
9.5.6 Globalization 466
9.5.7 AI and Robotics in Construction 466
9.5.8 Digital Twin Construction 468
9.5.9 Semantically Connected Information 470
9.6 BIM Beyond 2030 474
Chapter 9 Discussion Questions 477
Glossary 479
References 489
Index 509
