Preface xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
1 Automotive Internetworking: The Evolution Towards Connected and Cooperative Vehicles 1
1.1 Evolution of In-Vehicle Electronics 1
1.2 Motivation for Connected Vehicles 4
1.3 Terminology 7
1.4 Stakeholders 10
1.5 Outline of this Book 10
References 12
2 Application Classifications and Requirements 13
2.1 Classification of Applications and their Implications 14
2.1.1 Driving-Related Applications 15
2.1.2 Vehicle-Related Applications 19
2.1.3 Passenger-Related Applications 22
2.2 Requirements and Overall System Properties 25
2.3 Overview on Suitable Communication Technologies 28
2.3.1 Communication Technologies 28
2.3.2 Suitability for AutoNet Applications 31
2.4 Summary 34
References 34
3 System Architecture 37
3.1 Domain View of AutoNets 37
3.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model View 40
3.3 Profiling 42
3.4 Standardised Architectures 43
3.4.1 Architecture of the C2C Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) 44
3.4.2 ISO TC204 CALM Architecture 45
3.4.3 ETSI TC ITS Architecture: EN 302 655 47
3.4.4 IEEE WAVE Architecture Featuring IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609.x Standards 49
3.5 Subsystem Architectures 50
3.5.1 Vehicle Architecture 51
3.5.2 Roadside Architecture 55
3.5.3 Infrastructure Architecture 56
3.5.4 Mobile Device Architecture 61
3.6 Summary 62
References 63
4 Applications: Functionality and Protocols 65
4.1 Foresighted Safety Case Study: Environmental Notifications 67
4.1.1 Data Collection and Individual Situation Analysis 68
4.1.2 Cooperative Situation Analysis 71
4.1.3 Distributed Knowledge Management 73
4.1.4 Individual Relevance and Interface to the Driver 75
4.1.5 Data Security and Privacy 77
4.1.6 Reliable Estimation of the Current Driving Condition 78
4.1.7 Communication and Information Dissemination 79
4.1.8 Standardisation Issues 80
4.2 Active Safety Case Study: Cooperative Collision Avoidance and Intersection Assistance 81
4.2.1 Data Collection 82
4.2.2 Situation Analysis and Application Logic 83
4.2.3 Knowledge Management 88
4.2.4 Communication 90
4.2.5 Security and Privacy 93
4.2.6 Driver Interaction 95
4.3 Green Driving Case Study: Traffic Lights Assistance 98
4.3.1 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory 99
4.3.2 Example: TRAVOLUTION 107
4.4 Business and Convenience Case Study: Insurance and Financial Services 107
4.4.1 Accident Management Services 108
4.4.2 Examples for Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) 116
References 118
5 Application Support 121
5.1 Application Support in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 121
5.2 Communication Aspects in the Application Support 123
5.2.1 CAM: Cooperative Awareness Messages 123
5.2.2 DENM: Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages 125
5.3 AutoNet Facilities 125
5.3.1 Application Plane 126
5.3.2 Information Plane 128
5.3.3 Communication Plane 130
5.4 Implementation Issues for the Application Support Layer 131
5.5 Summary 133
References 133
6 Transport Layer 135
6.1 Transport Layer Integration in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 135
6.1.1 AutoNet Transport 137
6.1.2 Tcp, Udp 138
6.2 TCP in AutoNets 139
6.2.1 Congestion Control in TCP 140
6.2.2 Impact of AutoNets 141
6.2.3 Enhancements of TCP and Technical Requirements for AutoNet Scenarios 143
6.2.4 The MOCCA Transport Protocol 144
6.2.5 Evaluation Results 148
6.3 Summary 151
References 152
7 Networking 155
7.1 Networking Principles in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 155
7.1.1 Network Layer Functionality in AutoNets 155
7.1.2 Network Protocol Data Units 158
7.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Networking 160
7.2.1 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Characteristics 160
7.2.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Addressing and Routing 165
7.2.3 Beaconing 176
7.2.4 Network Utility Maximisation in AutoNets 177
7.3 AutoNet Cellular Networking 187
7.3.1 Communication Architecture for AutoNet Cellular Networking 189
7.3.2 Deployment Strategies 190
7.3.3 Interactions and Cross-Layer Optimisations 192
7.4 IPv6 and Mobility Extensions 192
7.4.1 IPv 6 193
7.4.2 Mobility Extensions 194
7.4.3 Deployment Issues 197
References 200
8 Physical Communication Technologies 205
8.1 Wireless Networks in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 206
8.2 Automotive WLAN and DSRC 208
8.2.1 Spectrum Policies 209
8.2.2 IEEE 802.11p 213
8.2.3 Etsi G5a 221
8.3 Utility-Centric Medium Access in IEEE 802.11p 221
8.3.1 Data Differentiation 221
8.3.2 Inter-Vehicle Contention 222
8.3.3 Cross-Layer Issues 223
8.3.4 Evaluation of Utility-Centric Medium Access 225
8.4 Technology Comparison 230
8.5 Conclusion 231
References 231
9 Security and Privacy 233
9.1 Stakes, Assets, Threats and Attacks 235
9.1.1 Stakeholders and Assets 235
9.1.2 Threats and Attacks 236
9.2 Challenges and Requirements 238
9.3 AutoNet Security Architecture and Management 241
9.4 Security Services 244
9.4.1 Cryptographic Mechanisms 244
9.4.2 Digital Signatures 246
9.5 Certification 247
9.5.1 Trust 247
9.5.2 Trusted Third Platforms: Certificate Authorities 249
9.5.3 Certificate Generation and Distribution 250
9.5.4 Certificate Revocation 253
9.6 Securing Vehicles 253
9.7 Secure Communication 254
9.7.1 Secure Messaging 254
9.7.2 Secure Routing and Forwarding 255
9.7.3 Secure Group Communication 255
9.7.4 Plausibility Checks 255
9.8 Privacy 256
9.8.1 Secret Information 256
9.9 Conclusion 258
References 259
10 System Management 261
10.1 System Management in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 261
10.2 Functional Management Building Blocks 263
10.3 Selected Management Issues of an AutoNet Station 264
10.3.1 Cost/Benefit Management 264
10.3.2 Congestion Control 265
10.3.3 Mobility Management 265
10.3.4 TCP Management 268
10.4 Implementation Issues of the Management Layer 270
10.5 Summary 271
References 271
11 Research Methodologies 273
11.1 Early Activities to Investigate AutoNets 274
11.1.1 Activities at the University of Duisburg 274
11.1.2 Activities at the Ohio State University 275
11.2 Methodologies 277
11.2.1 Model Domains for AutoNets 278
11.2.2 Dependency Examples 280
11.3 Simulation Methodology 282
11.3.1 Communication Network Simulation 284
11.3.2 Traffic Simulation 287
11.3.3 Implementation Issues 290
11.4 Field Operational Testing Methodology 298
11.4.1 Applications and Requirements 300
11.4.2 System Architecture 302
11.4.3 Trials 304
11.4.4 Analysis 306
11.5 Summary 307
References 307
12 Markets 309
12.1 Current Market Developments 310
12.1.1 Technological Push 311
12.1.2 Economic Pull 311
12.1.3 Stakeholder Analysis 312
12.2 Challenges 327
12.2.1 Harmonisation and Standardisation 328
12.2.2 Life Cycle 330
12.2.3 Costs and Revenues in an Emerging Business Ecosystem 330
12.2.4 Customer Acceptance 331
12.3 Driving the Emergence of a Coherent Business Ecosystem 333
12.3.1 Strategies for the Development of a Modular Business Ecosystem 333
12.3.2 Early Examples of Telematic Business Ecosystems 339
12.4 Summary 342
References 342
13 Impact and Future Projections 345
A Appendix 351
A.1 Standardisation Bodies for AutoNets 351
A.. 1 Etsi 351
A.1. 2 Cen 352
A.1. 3 Iso 353
A.1. 4 Ietf 354
A.1. 5 Ieee 354
A.1. 6 Car2Car Communication Consortium 354
A.2 Research Projects on AutoNets 355
A.2.1 Early Activities 355
A.2.2 The eSafety Initiative 358
A.2.3 COMeSafety 360
A.2.4 Coopers 361
A.2.5 Cvis 361
A.2.6 Safespot 363
A.2.7 SeVeCom 363
A.2.8 GeoNet 363
A.2.9 Frame, E-frame 364
A.2.10 VII and Intellidrive 364
A.2.11 Travolution 365
A.2.12 Aktiv 365
A.2.13 Pre-drive C2x 366
A.2.14 simTD 367
References 368
Index 369
