Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
Lead Author | p. xv |
List of Abbreviations | p. xvii |
Automotive Antennas Overview: Patents, Papers, and Products | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
AM/FM Antenna Systems | p. 3 |
AM/FM Broadcasting Frequency Range | p. 3 |
Printed-on-Glass Antennas | p. 3 |
Short Mast Helical Roof Antennas | p. 5 |
Cellular Phone Antennas | p. 6 |
Car TV Antennas | p. 8 |
Terrestrial Systems | p. 8 |
Satellite TV Antennas | p. 8 |
Internet TV in Vehicles | p. 9 |
Satellite Radio Antennas | p. 10 |
GPS Antenna Systems | p. 11 |
Antennas for Short Range Communications | p. 12 |
Introduction | p. 12 |
Remote Start Engine and Remote Keyless Entry Antennas | p. 13 |
Tire Pressure Sensors | p. 15 |
Electronic Toll Collection Systems | p. 16 |
Thin Film Antennas | p. 18 |
Digital Audio Broadcasting Design | p. 19 |
Automotive Radar Antenna Systems | p. 20 |
Antenna Packaging Issues | p. 21 |
Summary | p. 22 |
References | p. 23 |
Basic Antenna Parameters and Definitions | p. 27 |
Introduction | p. 27 |
Far Zone and Radiation Pattern | p. 27 |
Polarization and Radiation Pattern Measurements | p. 29 |
Directivity, Gain, Average Gain, and Antenna Beamwidth | p. 31 |
Impedance, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, Bandwidth, and Quality Factor | p. 34 |
Impedance Matching Between Antenna and Car Receiver | p. 36 |
Electrically Small Antennas | p. 36 |
Radio Frequency Cables and Connectors | p. 37 |
Notes on Decibels | p. 39 |
Converting Field Strength to Power | p. 40 |
References | p. 41 |
Active and Diversity Receiving Antenna Systems | p. 43 |
Introduction | p. 43 |
Signal and Noise Analysis of Active Antenna | p. 44 |
Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 44 |
Antenna Noise Temperature | p. 47 |
Low Noise Amplifier Parameters | p. 48 |
Introduction | p. 48 |
S Parameters | p. 48 |
Stability Analysis | p. 49 |
Amplifier Gain | p. 49 |
Matching for Maximum Amplifier Gain | p. 51 |
Noise Matching Design | p. 52 |
Output Gain Matching for Noise Matched LNA | p. 53 |
Low Noise Amplifier Distortion Parameters | p. 53 |
Measurement Set-Up to Estimate Third-Order Intermodulation Distortions | p. 54 |
Active Antenna Gain | p. 55 |
Low Noise Amplifiers for Electrically Small Antennas | p. 56 |
Diversity Techniques | p. 56 |
References | p. 60 |
Audio Broadcasting Antennas | p. 63 |
AM/FM Whip Antenna | p. 63 |
Printed-on-Glass AM/FM Antennas | p. 64 |
Introduction | p. 64 |
Rear Glass Systems | p. 65 |
Side Glass Systems | p. 65 |
Front (Windshield) Systems | p. 65 |
Diversity Window Antennas | p. 65 |
Passive Windshield Antennas | p. 66 |
FM Frequency Range | p. 66 |
AM Frequency Range | p. 69 |
Simulation Results | p. 73 |
Side Glass Antenna Pattern Example | p. 75 |
Amplifier Circuit for AM/FM Antenna System | p. 76 |
Amplifier with High Input Impedance | p. 83 |
Short Roof AM/FM Antenna | p. 84 |
Helix Antenna Radiation Modes | p. 84 |
Helix Antenna for FM Frequency Band | p. 86 |
Short Meander Antenna | p. 87 |
Diversity FM Antennas | p. 89 |
Two Antenna Diversity Elements | p. 89 |
Single Reconfigurable Antenna Element for Space Diversity Applications | p. 91 |
Correlation Signal Analysis for Car Roof Spaced Antennas | p. 92 |
Antennas for Digital Audio Broadcasting | p. 93 |
L Band Antenna Geometry | p. 93 |
Radiation Pattern Measurements for L Band Antenna | p. 97 |
Antennas for Band III | p. 99 |
References | p. 103 |
Cellular Antennas | p. 107 |
Single Band Monopole on Roof | p. 107 |
Glass Mounted Monopole | p. 113 |
Dual-Band Monopole | p. 114 |
Helix | p. 116 |
Single Band Simulation Results | p. 116 |
Dual-Band Helix | p. 118 |
Compact Printed Circuit Board Antennas | p. 120 |
Single Band Meander Line Design | p. 120 |
Dual-Band Combined Design | p. 123 |
Tri-Band Design | p. 124 |
CPW-Fed Multiband Design | p. 124 |
Planar Inverted F Antenna | p. 128 |
Hidden Printed Dipole | p. 131 |
Printed-on-Glass Design | p. 131 |
Antenova Series | p. 131 |
Dual-Band Inverted F Design | p. 134 |
Rear View Mirror Mount | p. 135 |
Bumper Installation | p. 137 |
Combined FM/PCS Design | p. 138 |
Integrated AM/FM/AMPS/PCS Design | p. 140 |
Integrated PCS/RKE Design | p. 140 |
Cellular Diversity Systems | p. 142 |
Spatial, Polarization, and Pattern Diversity | p. 142 |
Monopoles for Diversity Reception | p. 145 |
Switched Parasitic Elements for Diversity Design | p. 146 |
References | p. 148 |
TV Antennas for Cars | p. 151 |
Satellite TV Antennas | p. 151 |
Satellite TV System Requirements | p. 151 |
Ridged Waveguide Antenna Array | p. 152 |
Electronic Beam-Controlled Phase Array | p. 153 |
G/T Estimation | p. 155 |
Antennas for Digital Terrestrial TV | p. 157 |
Introduction | p. 157 |
H-Shaped Glass Configuration | p. 158 |
Simple Meander Window Glass Design | p. 164 |
Printed-on-Glass Patent Examples | p. 166 |
Bumper Diversity System | p. 169 |
Compact Mast Monopole | p. 171 |
References | p. 172 |
Satellite Radio Antennas | p. 175 |
Basic Passive Antenna Requirements | p. 175 |
Parameters for Sirius Service (2320 to 2332.5 MHz) | p. 175 |
Parameters for XM Service (2332.5 to 2345 MHz) | p. 175 |
System With Two Antenna Elements | p. 175 |
System With Single Patch Antenna Element | p. 177 |
Simplified Engineering Formulas for Rectangular Passive Patch Parameters | p. 178 |
Geometry Dimensions for Linear Polarization | p. 178 |
Circular Polarization Geometry | p. 179 |
Performances of Passive Antenna Elements | p. 181 |
Circular Polarization Design Guidelines | p. 182 |
Simulated Example of SDARS Patch | p. 183 |
Commercially Available Passive Elements | p. 185 |
Vertical Polarization Gain of Patch Antenna at Horizon Angle Direction | p. 186 |
Ground Size Effects | p. 187 |
On-Vehicle Antenna Location | p. 189 |
Compact Dual-Polarized Antenna | p. 191 |
Low Profile Cross Slot Antenna for SDARS Application | p. 196 |
Glass Mount System | p. 197 |
XM Truck Antenna | p. 199 |
Active Design | p. 199 |
Antenna Amplifier Requirements | p. 199 |
Amplifier Simulation Results | p. 202 |
Commercially Available Modules | p. 203 |
SDARS Parameter Measurements | p. 204 |
Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements in Anechoic Chamber | p. 204 |
Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurements of Antenna Mounted on Car | p. 205 |
SDARS Antenna Noise Temperature | p. 206 |
Diversity Circuits | p. 207 |
References | p. 210 |
GPS Antennas | p. 213 |
Typical GPS Antenna Parameters | p. 213 |
Patch Parameters and Ground Plane Size | p. 214 |
On-Vehicle GPS Antenna Measurements | p. 216 |
Circular Annular Ring Microstrip Antenna | p. 218 |
Dual-Band GPS Antenna | p. 220 |
Tri-Band Applications | p. 224 |
Amplifier Circuit for Active Design | p. 226 |
Combined GPS and Cellular Phone Systems | p. 227 |
Typical Antenna System | p. 227 |
Isolation of Collocated Cellular and GPS Antennas | p. 228 |
Gain Measurements of Passive Cell/GPS Elements | p. 229 |
Active Antenna and Filter Topology | p. 232 |
Combined GPS and SDARS Antenna System | p. 233 |
Stacked Patch Design | p. 233 |
Two Antennas in One Package | p. 237 |
Microstrip Antenna for GPS and DCS Applications | p. 238 |
Integrated GPS/PCS/RKES System | p. 241 |
Car Location Options | p. 242 |
Diversity Antennas for GPS Applications | p. 245 |
References | p. 247 |
Antennas for Short Range Communication | p. 249 |
Introduction | p. 249 |
Compact Planar Passive Antenna | p. 251 |
Geometries | p. 251 |
Simulation Results | p. 252 |
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 315 MHz Meander Line Printed on Dielectric Board | p. 254 |
Introduction | p. 254 |
Antenna Geometry | p. 256 |
Numerical Results | p. 256 |
Measurement Results | p. 260 |
Considerations for Small Antennas | p. 262 |
Active Meander Line Antenna Implementation for 315 MHz | p. 264 |
Antenna and Amplifier Parameters | p. 264 |
Meander Line Antenna in Plastic Case | p. 267 |
On-Vehicle Radiation Pattern Measurements | p. 267 |
Example of 433.9 MHz Antenna | p. 272 |
Alternative Antenna Systems for Short Range Communication | p. 273 |
Splitter Antenna for 315 MHz Frequency Band | p. 274 |
Combined Roof AM/FM/RKE System | p. 275 |
Combined RKE/PCS/GPS Design | p. 276 |
Printed-on-Glass RKE Antenna Design | p. 277 |
Comparison of 433.9 MHz Antennas | p. 278 |
Maximum Detection Range of RKE/RSE System | p. 281 |
Effects of Auto Electronic Components on Communication Range | p. 284 |
Signal and Noise Measurements for Antenna/Receiver Combination | p. 285 |
Measurement Results | p. 286 |
Electromagnetic Emission Interference | p. 288 |
Compact Diversity Antenna System for Remote Control Applications | p. 29 |
Compact Antennas: Literature and Patent Review | p. 294 |
Meander Line Antennas for Multifrequency Applications | p. 296 |
References | p. 300 |
Index | p. 303 |
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