| Foreword | p. xv |
| Preface | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xxii |
| Fundamentals of LPI Radar Design | |
| To See and Not Be Seen | p. 1 |
| The Requirement for LPI | p. 1 |
| Characteristics of LPI Radar | p. 4 |
| Antenna Considerations | p. 4 |
| Antenna Scan Patterns for Search Processing | p. 7 |
| Advanced Multifunction RF Concept | p. 10 |
| Transmitter Considerations | p. 11 |
| Power Management | p. 13 |
| Carrier Frequency Considerations | p. 13 |
| Pulse Compression - The Key to LPI Radar | p. 15 |
| Radar Detection Range | p. 19 |
| Interception Range | p. 23 |
| Comparing Radar Range and Interception Range | p. 26 |
| The Pilot LPI Radar | p. 27 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 32 |
| References | p. 33 |
| Problems | p. 35 |
| LPI Technology and Applications | p. 37 |
| Altimeters | p. 37 |
| Introduction | p. 37 |
| Fielded LPI Altimeters | p. 38 |
| Landing Systems | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Fielded LPI Landing Systems | p. 42 |
| Surveillance and Fire Control Radar | p. 44 |
| Battlefield Awareness | p. 44 |
| LPI Ground-Based Systems | p. 44 |
| LPI Airborne Systems | p. 49 |
| Antiship Cruise Missile and Torpedo Seekers | p. 52 |
| A Significant Threat to Surface Navies | p. 52 |
| Fielded LPI Seeker Systems | p. 52 |
| Summary of LPI Radar Systems | p. 55 |
| References | p. 57 |
| Problems | p. 58 |
| Ambiguity Analysis of LPI Waveforms | p. 59 |
| The Ambiguity Function | p. 60 |
| Periodic Autocorrelation Function | p. 60 |
| Periodic Ambiguity Function | p. 61 |
| Periodicity of the PAF | p. 62 |
| Peak and Integrated Side Lobe Levels | p. 62 |
| Frank Phase Modulation Example | p. 63 |
| Transmitted Waveform | p. 63 |
| Simulation Results | p. 64 |
| Reducing the Doppler Side Lobes | p. 67 |
| References | p. 70 |
| Problems | p. 70 |
| FMCW Radar | p. 73 |
| Advantages of FMCW | p. 73 |
| Single Antenna LPI Radar for Target Detection | p. 74 |
| Transmitted Waveform Design | p. 77 |
| Triangular Waveform | p. 78 |
| Generating Linear FM Waveforms | p. 79 |
| Receiver-Transmitter Isolation | p. 84 |
| Transmission Line Basics | p. 84 |
| Single Antenna Isolation Using a Circulator | p. 85 |
| Single Antenna Isolation Using a Reflected Power Canceler | p. 86 |
| The Received Signal | p. 88 |
| LPI Search Mode Processing | p. 89 |
| Track Mode Processing Techniques | p. 93 |
| Effect of Sweep Nonlinearities | p. 94 |
| Moving Target Indication Filtering | p. 95 |
| Matched Receiver Response | p. 96 |
| Mismatched Receiver Response | p. 98 |
| PANDORA Multifrequency FMCW Radar | p. 101 |
| Electronic Attack Considerations | p. 103 |
| Technology Trends for FMCW Emitters | p. 103 |
| References | p. 108 |
| Problems | p. 110 |
| Phase Shift Keying Techniques | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| The Transmitted Signal | p. 114 |
| Binary Phase Codes | p. 116 |
| Polyphase Codes | p. 120 |
| Polyphase Barker Codes | p. 121 |
| Frank Code | p. 126 |
| P1 Code | p. 131 |
| P2 Code | p. 135 |
| P3 Code | p. 135 |
| P4 Code | p. 140 |
| Polytime Codes | p. 146 |
| T1(n) Code | p. 146 |
| T2(n) Code | p. 148 |
| T3(n) Code | p. 152 |
| T4(n) Code | p. 158 |
| Omnidirectional LPI Radar | p. 162 |
| Summary | p. 165 |
| References | p. 165 |
| Problems | p. 166 |
| Frequency Shift Keying Techniques | p. 169 |
| Advantages of the FSK Radar | p. 169 |
| Description of the FSK CW Signal | p. 171 |
| Range Computation in FSK Radar | p. 171 |
| Costas Codes | p. 173 |
| Characteristics of a Costas Array or Sequence | p. 173 |
| Computing the Difference Triangle | p. 174 |
| Deriving the Costas Sequence PAF | p. 174 |
| Welch Construction of Costas Arrays | p. 175 |
| Hybrid FSK/PSK Technique | p. 177 |
| Description of the FSK/PSK Signal | p. 177 |
| Matched FSK/PSK Signaling | p. 181 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 183 |
| References | p. 187 |
| Problems | p. 188 |
| Case Study: Antiship LPI Missile Seeker | p. 189 |
| History of ASCM Seeker Technology | p. 189 |
| The Future for ASCM Technology | p. 190 |
| Detecting the Threat | p. 193 |
| ASCM Target Scenario | p. 194 |
| Low RCS Targets | p. 194 |
| Sea Clutter Model | p. 196 |
| Linear FMCW Emitter Power Management | p. 197 |
| Target-to-Clutter Ratio | p. 199 |
| ASCM Ship Target Model | p. 204 |
| References | p. 204 |
| Problems | p. 205 |
| Intercept Receiver Strategies and Signal Processing | |
| Strategies for Intercepting LPI Radar Signals | p. 209 |
| EW Intercept Receiver Techniques | p. 209 |
| Traditional Approach | p. 209 |
| The Look-Through Problem | p. 210 |
| Modern Network-Centric Concepts Arriving | p. 211 |
| Detecting the LPI Radar with UAVs | p. 213 |
| Demodulation of the LPI Waveform | p. 214 |
| Digital EW Receivers for LPI Detection | p. 215 |
| EW Receiver Challenges | p. 217 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 219 |
| References | p. 220 |
| Wigner-Ville Distribution Analysis of LPI Radar Waveforms | p. 221 |
| Wigner-Ville Distribution | p. 222 |
| Continuous WVD | p. 222 |
| Example Calculation: Real Input Signal | p. 225 |
| Example Calculation: Complex Input Signal | p. 227 |
| Two-Tone Input Signal Results | p. 230 |
| FMCW Analysis | p. 235 |
| BPSK Analysis | p. 238 |
| Polyphase Code Analysis | p. 242 |
| Polytime Code Analysis | p. 245 |
| Distinguishing Between Phase Codes | p. 247 |
| FSK and FSK/PSK Analysis | p. 254 |
| Summary | p. 258 |
| References | p. 259 |
| Problems | p. 261 |
| LPI Radar Analysis Using Quadrature Mirror Filtering | p. 263 |
| Time-Frequency Wavelet Decomposition | p. 264 |
| Basis Functions | p. 264 |
| Short-Time Fourier Transform Decomposition | p. 265 |
| Wavelets and the Wavelet Transform | p. 265 |
| Wavelet Filters | p. 268 |
| Discrete Two-Channel Quadrature Mirror Filter Bank | p. 270 |
| Tree Structure to Filter the Lowpass Component | p. 272 |
| Tree Structure to Filter the Highpass Component | p. 272 |
| QMFB Tree Receiver | p. 276 |
| Example Calculations | p. 278 |
| Complex Single-Tone Signal | p. 278 |
| Complex Two-Tone Signal | p. 281 |
| FMCW Analysis | p. 283 |
| BPSK Analysis | p. 285 |
| Polyphase Code Analysis | p. 290 |
| Polytime Code Analysis | p. 291 |
| Costas Frequency Hopping Analysis | p. 295 |
| FSK/PSK Signal Analysis | p. 295 |
| Summary | p. 295 |
| References | p. 302 |
| Problems | p. 304 |
| Cyclostationary Spectral Analysis for Detection of LPI Radar Parameters | p. 305 |
| Introduction | p. 305 |
| Cyclic Autocorrelation | p. 306 |
| Spectral Correlation Density | p. 307 |
| Spectral Correlation Density Estimation | p. 308 |
| Discrete Time Cyclostationary Algorithms | p. 310 |
| The Time-Smoothing FFT Accumulation Method | p. 311 |
| Direct Frequency-Smoothing Method | p. 313 |
| Test Signals | p. 315 |
| BPSK Analysis | p. 317 |
| FMCW Analysis | p. 321 |
| Polyphase Code Analysis | p. 327 |
| Polytime Code Analysis | p. 329 |
| Costas Frequency Hopping Results | p. 333 |
| Summary | p. 335 |
| References | p. 336 |
| Problems | p. 337 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 339 |
| Summary | p. 339 |
| The Next Step: A Look to the Future | p. 340 |
| References | p. 342 |
| Appendixes | |
| Low Probability of Intercept Toolbox | p. 343 |
| Introduction to the LPIT | p. 343 |
| Naming Convention and Example | p. 344 |
| Generating PAF Plots Using the LPIT Files | p. 347 |
| Primitive Roots and Costas Sequences | p. 349 |
| Primes | p. 349 |
| Complete and Reduced Residue Systems | p. 350 |
| Primitive Roots | p. 351 |
| PWVD for FMCW with [Delta]F = 500 Hz | p. 355 |
| PWVD for Frank Code with T = 64 ms | p. 359 |
| PWVD Results for P1, P2, P3, and P4 Codes | p. 363 |
| P1 Code Analysis | p. 363 |
| P2 Code Analysis | p. 363 |
| P3 Code Analysis | p. 366 |
| P4 Code Analysis | p. 366 |
| PWVD Results for Polytime Codes T2(2), T3(2), and T4(2) | p. 373 |
| T2(2) Polytime Code | p. 373 |
| T3(2) Polytime Code | p. 377 |
| T4(2) Polytime Code | p. 377 |
| QMFB Results for FMCW with [Delta]F = 500 Hz | p. 385 |
| QMFB Results for 11-Bit BPSK | p. 387 |
| QMFB Results for Frank Signal with N[subscript c] = 16 | p. 391 |
| QMFB Results for P1, P2, P3, and P4 | p. 395 |
| P1 Analysis | p. 395 |
| P2 Analysis | p. 396 |
| P3 Analysis | p. 396 |
| P4 Analysis | p. 402 |
| QMFB Results for T2(2), T3(2), and T4(2) | p. 411 |
| Cyclostationary Processing Results with FMCW, [Delta]F = 500 Hz | p. 419 |
| Cyclostationary Processing Results with Frank Signal, N[subscript c] = 16 | p. 423 |
| Cyclostationary Processing Results for P1, P2, P3, and P4 | p. 427 |
| P1 Code Analysis | p. 427 |
| P2 Code Analysis | p. 430 |
| P3 Code Analysis | p. 430 |
| P4 Code Analysis | p. 430 |
| Cyclostationary Processing Results for T2(2), T3(2), and T4(2) Polytime Codes | p. 435 |
| Polytime T2(2) Code Analysis | p. 435 |
| Polytime T3(2) Code Analysis | p. 435 |
| Polytime T4(2) Code Analysis | p. 437 |
| List of Acronyms | p. 443 |
| About the Author | p. 447 |
| Index | p. 449 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
