On a bright autumn day in 1857, the workers from Salts Mill in Yorkshire were waiting for special trains to take them on a day trip. But they were not going to Blackpool: they were going to The Manchester Art Exhibition which attracted 1.3 million visitors in less than six months the majority of whom were mill hands, factory workers and domestic servants.
Today less than 8% of visitors to our great galleries are from the working class. When and why did the working classes stop visiting art galleries and why does this matter?
Art & Class describes the advent of public art in the 18th Century, the development of national galleries in London and the explosion of regional galleries, all of which were crowded with working-class visitors.
All this came to a halt in 1946 when Keynes and the Bloomsbury Group seized control of the art world by establishing the Arts Council, slashing the countrywide Art for the People budget and pouring money into opera and ballet.
The same metropolitan elite, who established the Arts Council in 1946, still dominate our national galleries. Despite free opening, a range of charging and taxation policies mean that the working classes are not only being denied access to cultural capital but are subsidising the middle classes.
Art is a key aspect of cultural capital which middle-class children absorb through visits to galleries and concerts, but which are beyond the reach of working-class parents. This precious commodity opens the door to the elite universities and then on to high-paying jobs but working-class graduates entering the elite professions earn 16% less than their middle-class peers.
If the boards of today's galleries were more diverse and had inclusive charging and curatorial policies then, as in the Victorian era, they would attract visitors from all classes.
Industry Reviews
"As the director of a national museum based outside the M25, I wrestled with metropolitan bias and London-centric funders, philanthropists and Trustees. David Kennedy's brilliant book illustrates how back in Victorian times, things were different and argues powerfully for why, despite some change recently, we still need to see a fairer distribution of cultural spend around the country."
Colin Philpott
Former Director of the National Science and Media Museum
"Every future curator should read David Kennedy's inspiring but challenging story of the relationship between art and audiences since the 18th-century. Inspiring, as he shows that once upon a time - at Vauxhall Gardens in the 1740s, at the National Gallery in the 1850s and in the great new Museums of the industrial north - all classes crowded together in front of great art. Challenging, because Kennedy shows that in modern times many Museums and art institutions have become less democratic, not more; fewer working-class people visit the National Gallery than 150 years ago. A captivating, mischievous and genuinely radical new perspective."
Christopher Woodward
Director The Garden Museum
