| Atomic Force Microscopy in Nanomedicine | p. 1 |
| AFM in Biological Sciences | p. 1 |
| Plasma Membrane Preparation for AFM Imaging | p. 4 |
| Introduction | p. 4 |
| Plasma Membrane Preparation | p. 5 |
| Atomic Force Microscopy | p. 7 |
| Molecular Volume Measurements of Membrane Proteins | p. 7 |
| AFM Imaging | p. 7 |
| AFM Imaging of CFTR in Oocyte Membranes | p. 10 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| Does the CFTR Form Functional Assemblies? | p. 11 |
| Two CFTRs are Better Than One | p. 13 |
| Single Antibody-CFTR Recognition Imaging | p. 16 |
| Introduction | p. 16 |
| Tethering of Antibodies to AFM Tips | p. 17 |
| AFM Imaging and Recognition | p. 17 |
| A Single Antibody Sees a Single CFTR | p. 17 |
| Single Cell Elasticity: Probing for Diseases | p. 19 |
| Introduction | p. 19 |
| Force-Mapping AFM | p. 20 |
| Can One Protein Change Cell Elasticity? | p. 21 |
| Summary | p. 24 |
| References | p. 24 |
| Scanning Probe Microscopy: From Living Cells to the Subatomic Range | p. 27 |
| Introduction | p. 27 |
| Cells In Vivo as Exemplified by Diatoms | p. 28 |
| Introduction to Diatoms | p. 28 |
| SPM of Diatoms | p. 30 |
| Interaction of Large Organic Molecules | p. 33 |
| Nanodefects on Atomically Flat Surfaces | p. 37 |
| Ion Bombardment of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) | p. 38 |
| Bombardment of Single Crystal Insulators with Multicharged Ions | p. 42 |
| Subatomic Features | p. 45 |
| Atom Orbitals | p. 45 |
| Single Electron Spin Detection with AFM and STM | p. 47 |
| Conclusions and Outlook | p. 50 |
| References | p. 51 |
| Surface Characterization and Adhesion and Friction Properties of Hydrophobic Leaf Surfaces and Nanopatterned Polymers for Superhydrophobic Surfaces | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 55 |
| Experimental Details | p. 58 |
| Instrumentation | p. 58 |
| Samples | p. 59 |
| Roughness Factor | p. 61 |
| Test Matrix for Nanopatterned Polymers | p. 62 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 63 |
| Hydrophobic Leaf Surfaces | p. 64 |
| Nanopatterned Polymers | p. 74 |
| Summary | p. 79 |
| References | p. 81 |
| Probing Macromolecular Dynamics and the Influence of Finite Size Effects | p. 83 |
| Introduction | p. 84 |
| The Glass Transition and Molecular Mobility | p. 85 |
| Macromolecular Probing Techniques | p. 90 |
| Static Contacts | p. 90 |
| Modulated Contacts | p. 92 |
| Calibration of Lateral Forces in Scanning Probe Microscopy | p. 93 |
| Shear Modulation Force Microscopy (SM-FM) | p. 97 |
| Friction Force Microscopy (FFM) | p. 98 |
| Tribological Models for FFM | p. 99 |
| Internal Friction and Dynamics near the Glass Transition | p. 103 |
| Molecular Relaxations | p. 103 |
| Structural Heterogeneity and Relaxation near the Glass Transition | p. 105 |
| Cooperative Molecular Motion During the Glass Transition | p. 107 |
| Constraints and Structural Modifications near Interfaces | p. 109 |
| Interfacial Plasticization | p. 109 |
| Dewetting Kinetics | p. 110 |
| Disentanglement Barriers | p. 111 |
| Interfacial Glass Transition Profiles | p. 113 |
| Mechanical Operations in Nanoscopic Polymer Systems | p. 115 |
| Indentation Contact Mechanics | p. 116 |
| Rim Formation During Indentation | p. 120 |
| Strain Shielding and Confined Plasticity in Nanoscopic Polymer Systems | p. 122 |
| Closing Remarks | p. 126 |
| References | p. 127 |
| Investigation of Organic Supramolecules by Scanning Probe Microscopy in Ultra-High Vacuum | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 131 |
| Methods | p. 132 |
| Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE) | p. 132 |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) | p. 134 |
| Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | p. 137 |
| Molecules | p. 142 |
| Fullerenes | p. 142 |
| Porphyrins | p. 142 |
| Phthalocyanines | p. 142 |
| Perylene Derivatives | p. 144 |
| Lander Molecules | p. 144 |
| PVBA Molecules | p. 144 |
| Decacyclene and Derivatives | p. 144 |
| Molecules on Metals | p. 145 |
| STM Investigations | p. 145 |
| Non-Contact AFM Investigations | p. 157 |
| Molecules on Semiconductor Surfaces | p. 162 |
| STM Investigations | p. 162 |
| Non-Contact AFM Investigations | p. 165 |
| Molecules on Insulating Surfaces | p. 167 |
| STM Investigations | p. 168 |
| Non-contact AFM Investigations | p. 169 |
| Manipulation of Single Molecules | p. 171 |
| STM Investigations | p. 171 |
| Non-contact AFM Investigations | p. 175 |
| Conclusions | p. 175 |
| References | p. 176 |
| One- and Two-Dimensional Systems: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Organic and Inorganic Structures | p. 183 |
| Introduction | p. 183 |
| Basic Principles of STM and STS | p. 185 |
| Inorganic Overlayers | p. 188 |
| 1D Structures | p. 188 |
| 2D Structures | p. 196 |
| Molecular Overlayers | p. 201 |
| 1D Structures | p. 202 |
| 2D Overlayers | p. 208 |
| Conclusions | p. 212 |
| References | p. 212 |
| Scanning Probe Microscopy Applied to Ferroelectric Materials | p. 217 |
| Introduction | p. 217 |
| Development of Scanning Probe Techniques for Ferroelectrics | p. 217 |
| Scanning Force Microscopy | p. 220 |
| Non-Contact Mode | p. 220 |
| Contact Mode | p. 221 |
| Voltage-Modulated SFM | p. 222 |
| Resonance Modes of EFM | p. 224 |
| Lateral Force | p. 228 |
| Frontal Force | p. 232 |
| Second Harmonic | p. 233 |
| Tapping Mode | p. 234 |
| Scanning Optical Microscopy | p. 235 |
| Pure Optical Microscopy | p. 235 |
| Scanning Electrooptic Microscopy | p. 237 |
| Near-Field Electrooptic Microscopy | p. 242 |
| Micro-Spectroscopic Techniques | p. 244 |
| Second Harmonic Microscopy | p. 245 |
| Applications to Ferroelectrics | p. 247 |
| Imaging of Domains and Domain Walls | p. 247 |
| Writing Patterns | p. 248 |
| Phase Transitions | p. 249 |
| Morphotropic Phase Boundary | p. 250 |
| Relaxors | p. 251 |
| Thin Films | p. 251 |
| Artificial Nanostructures | p. 252 |
| Conclusions | p. 253 |
| References | p. 254 |
| Morphological and Tribological Characterization of Rough Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy | p. 261 |
| Characterization of Surface Roughness by Atomic Force Microscopy | p. 263 |
| Statistical Methods for Stationary Random Surfaces | p. 264 |
| Statistical Methods for Fractal Surfaces | p. 266 |
| Estimation of Morphological Parameters from AFM Topographies | p. 270 |
| Modeling Contact Mechanics for Rough Surfaces | p. 272 |
| Early Phenomenological Contact Theories | p. 273 |
| Contact Mechanics Theories for Fractal Roughness | p. 277 |
| On the Molecular Origins of Amontons' Law | p. 284 |
| Investigations of Multi-Asperity Contacts by AFM | p. 286 |
| AFM Characterization of Surface Roughness for Tribological Purposes | p. 286 |
| Contact Mechanics Investigations at the Nanometer Scale | p. 288 |
| Contact Mechanics Investigations on the Micrometer Scale | p. 291 |
| Conclusions | p. 293 |
| References | p. 294 |
| AFM Applications for Contact and Wear Simulation | p. 299 |
| Introduction | p. 299 |
| Scale Factor in Tribology | p. 299 |
| AFM as a Tool of Contact Simulation | p. 300 |
| Contact of Rough Surfaces | p. 300 |
| Rough Contact with Adhesion | p. 303 |
| Multilevel Contact Models | p. 307 |
| Simulation of Contact Using AFM Images | p. 309 |
| Nanomechanical Probing of Soft Layers | p. 312 |
| AFM in Wear Simulation | p. 316 |
| Nanoscratching and Nanowear with AFM Tip | p. 317 |
| Wear Simulation in AFM Contact Mode | p. 320 |
| Conclusions | p. 323 |
| References | p. 324 |
| AFM Applications for Analysis of Fullerene-Like Nanoparticles | p. 327 |
| Introduction | p. 327 |
| Instrumentation | p. 328 |
| Friction Experiment | p. 328 |
| AFM Experiment | p. 329 |
| Characterization of Fullerene-Like Solid Lubricant Nanoparticles | p. 330 |
| Friction of Solid Lubricant Films | p. 331 |
| Friction and Wear of the Surfaces Lubricated with Oil + IF Nanoparticles | p. 333 |
| Friction of IF Nanoparticles Under Severe Contact Conditions | p. 336 |
| Mechanisms of Friction of the IF Nanoparticles | p. 339 |
| Conclusions | p. 341 |
| References | p. 341 |
| Scanning Probe Methods in the Magnetic Tape Industry | p. 343 |
| Introduction | p. 343 |
| Atomic Force Microscopy | p. 345 |
| Topographic Characterization of the Magnetic Tape | p. 345 |
| Topographic Characterization of Heads | p. 349 |
| Tape Roughness Analysis | p. 351 |
| Magnetic Force Microscopy | p. 358 |
| Methodology | p. 358 |
| Characterization of the Magnetic Tape with MFM | p. 359 |
| Characterization of Heads with MFM | p. 364 |
| Conclusions | p. 367 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Subject Index | p. 371 |
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