CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Section 0: Introduction

The Editor and Editorial Board

Preface

New Data and Updates in the 107th Edition

On the Evaluation of Chemistry and Physics Data

Current Contributors

Part 1 Data on Chemical Substances

Section 1: Elements and Their Isotopes

Introduction

The Elements: Properties

Standard Atomic Weights

Atomic Masses and Isotopic Abundances

Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea

Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points and Densities of the Elements

Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C

Heat Capacity of Solid Elements as a Function of Temperature

Table of the Isotopes

Phase Transition Temperatures of the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

Density of Molten Elements as a Function of Temperature

Physical and Thermal Properties of Rare-Earth Metals

Thermal Properties of Pure Elemental Metals

Electrical Resistivity of Pure Elemental Metals

Electron Work Function of the Elements

Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements

Optical Properties of The Elements

Electronegativity of the Elements

Index of Refraction of Liquid Elements

Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements

The Elements: Description and History

Section 2: Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy Data

Introduction

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energies of Neutral Atoms and Atomic Ions

Electron Affinities of the Atomic Elements

Persistent Lines of the Neutral Atomic Elements

Atomic Radii of the Elements

Polarizabilities of the Atomic Elements

Section 3: Properties of Organic Compounds

Introduction

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds

Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Organic Compounds

Critical Constants of Organic Compounds

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

Miscibility of Organic Solvents

Dependence of Boiling Point of Organic Liquids on Pressure

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds

Perfluoro- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Section 4: Properties of Inorganic Compounds

Introduction

Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds

Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

Density of Molten Inorganic Salts as a Function of Temperature

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids

Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals

Magnetic Susceptibility of Inorganic Compounds

Optical Properties of Inorganic Solids

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds as a Function of Temperature

Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts

Solubility Charts for Inorganic Salts

Transition Temperatures and Heats of Transitions for Metal Salts

Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates

Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals

Crystallographic Data on Minerals

Section 5: Properties of Water

Introduction

Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam

Fixed-Point Thermophysical Properties of H2O and D2O

Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O

Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water

Standard Density of Water as a Function of Temperature

Ionization Constant of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure

Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water at Saturated Vapor Pressure

Electrical Conductivity of Water

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Frequency

Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water

Vapor Pressure of Ice

Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria for Ice as a Function of Pressure

Index of Refraction of Water

Properties of Seawater

Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater

Section 6: Properties of Polymers

Introduction

Physical Properties of Important Polymers

Polymer Solvents

Glass Transition Temperatures for Polymers

Permittivity of Polymers

Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts

Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions

Solubility Parameters of Polymers

Section 7: Properties of Bio-Medical Compounds and Substances

Introduction

Properties of Amino Acids

Structures of Amino Acids

Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

The Genetic Code

Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters

Composition and Properties of Oils and Fats

Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions

Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water

Biological Buffers

pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods

Properties and Functions of Important Drugs

Properties of Controlled Substances

Section 8: Chemical Structure, Bonding, and Molecular Spectroscopy Data

Introduction

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules

Dipole Moments

Hindered Internal Rotation

Bond Dissociation Energies

Force Constants for Bond Stretching

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

Polarizabilities of Molecules

Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules

Electron Affinities of Molecules

Part 2 Data for the Practice of Chemistry and Physics

Section 9: Physical Chemistry Data

Introduction

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances

Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions

Proton Affinities

Heat of Combustion

Heat Capacity of Solids as a Function of Temperature

Transition Temperatures And Heats of Transition for Metal Oxyanion Salts

Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions

Molar Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI

Molar Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution

Electrochemical Series

Mean Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts as a Function of Concentration

Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids

Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions

Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation

Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression

Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution

Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures

Section 10: Environmental Chemistry Data

Introduction

Chemical Reaction Rate Constants for Atmospheric Studies

Properties of Refrigerants

Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases

Air-Broadened Infrared Absorption Cross Sections for Greenhouse Gases

Annual Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide and Methane

Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients

Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2024

Solar Irradiance at the Earth

Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation

Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere

U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)

Section 11: Solid-State Chemistry and Physics Data

Introduction

Thermal Analysis for Materials Characterization

Microscopy Techniques for Materials Characterization

Symmetry of Crystals

Ionic Radii in Crystals

The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids

Electrical Resistivity of Binary Alloys

Electrical Resistivity of Carbon Materials

Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Crystals

Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals

Properties of Superconductors

High-Temperature Superconductors

Organic Superconductors

Properties of Semiconductors

Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions

Properties of Organic Semiconductors

Diffusion Data for Semiconductors

Properties of Magnetic Materials

Organic Magnets

Thermal and Strength Properties of Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures

Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors

Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature

Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals

Secondary Electron Emission

Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths

Electron Stopping Powers

Attenuation Coefficients for High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation

Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials

Coefficient of Friction

Section 12: Industrial Chemistry Data

Introduction

Thermophysical Properties of Air

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids

Thermophysical Properties of Fluids at Saturation

Vapor Pressure of Compounds and Elements

Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K

Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions

Enthalpy of Vaporization of Compounds and Elements

Enthalpy of Fusion of Compounds and Elements

Virial Coefficients of Gases

Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids

Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density

Properties of Cryogenic Fluids

Properties of Liquid Helium

Properties of Ionic Liquids

Energy Content of Fuels

Surface Tension of Liquids

Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures

Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants)

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases

Viscosity of Gases

Viscosity of Liquids

Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Refrigerants

Thermal Conductivity of Liquids

Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points

Sublimation Pressure of Solids

Solubility of Gases in Water as a Function of Temperature

Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water

Diffusion in Gases

Diffusion of Gases in Water

Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution

Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases

Index of Refraction of Air

Index of Refraction of Gases

Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes

Section 13: Astrophysics, Earth Sciences, and Physics Data

Introduction

Astronomical Constants

Properties of the Solar System

Interstellar Molecules

Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth

Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth

Acceleration Due to Gravity

Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude

Summary Tables of Particle Properties

Blackbody Radiation

Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation

Part 3 Data for Modern Chemical Laboratories

Section 14: Analytical Chemistry Data

Introduction

Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical Standardization and Calibration

Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography

Detectors for Gas Chromatography

Stationary Phases for Open Tubular Columns

Phase Ratios for Capillary Columns

Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents

Cryotrapping Coolants

HPLC Preparation

Detectors for Liquid Chromatography

Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions

Raman Band Frequencies

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups

Proton NMR Shifts of Organic Liquids

13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups

13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Organic Solvents

15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families

Natural Abundance of Isotopes Important in Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families

Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Organic Liquids

Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers

Chlorine-Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass Spectral Patterns

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Techniques

Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data

Introduction

Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents

Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C

Constant Humidity Solutions

Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature

Metals and Alloys with Low-Melting Temperature

Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Electrical Conductivity Cells

Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids

International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)

Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale

Recommended Secondary Reference Points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables

Metal Carbide-Carbon Phase Transition Temperatures

Section 16: Chemical and Laboratory Safety Data

Introduction

Chemical Safety in Laboratories

Laboratory Risk Assessment

Incompatible Chemicals

Water-Reactive and Pyrophoric Chemical Hazards

Peroxide Testing

Shock and Friction Sensitive Hazards

Flammable Liquids Categorization Criteria

Flammability of Solvents and Other Chemical Substances

Chemical Carcinogens

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides

Safety in the Use of Cryogens

Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines

Exposure & Toxicity Limits

Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants

Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets

Compressed Air Safety

Laser Hazards in the Laboratory

Nonionizing Radiation Safety

Electrical Equipment Hazards

Laboratory Gloves

Protective Clothing

Respirator Cartridges and Filters

Hearing Protection Devices

Fire Extinguishers

Part 4 Reference Tables and Indices

Section 17: Quantities, Units, Constants, and Conversion Factors

Introduction

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2018

International System of Units (SI)

Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements

Figures of Merit

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units

Units for Magnetic Properties

Radiation Units

Conversion Factors for Energy Units

Units and Conversion Factors for Pressure and Vacuum Systems

Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems

Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units

Thermodynamic Functions and Relations

Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units

Section 18: Chemical Representation and Nomenclatur

Introduction

Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds

Graphical representation

Carbohydrate Names and Symbols

Section 19: Abbreviations and Terminology

Glossary of abbreviations and concepts used in the CRC Handbook

Section 20: Covers and Indices

Periodic Table of the Elements

Standard Atomic Weights in Atomic Order Number

Fundamental Physical Constants - Frequently Used Constants