Analytical Techniques in Materials Conservation

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Proteins.

1.3 Lipids.

1.4 Carbohydrates.

1.5 Natural resins.

1.6 Natural materials.

1.7 Synthetic polymers.

1.8 Dyes and pigments.

1.9 Textiles.

1.10 Paintings.

1.11 Written material.

1.12 Glass.

1.13 Ceramics.

1.14 Stone.

1.15 Metals.

2. Basic identification techniques.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Visual examination.

2.3 Chemical tests.

2.4 Density and specific gravity.

2.5 Solubility.

2.6 Heat tests.

3. Light examination and microscopy.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Infrared techniques.

3.3 Ultraviolet techniques.

3.4 Radiography.

3.5 Refractometry.

3.6 Optical microscopy.

3.7 Transmission electron microscopy.

3.8 Scanning electron microscopy.

3.9 Scanning probe microscopy.

4. Molecular spectroscopy.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Infrared spectroscopy.

4.3 Raman spectroscopy.

4.4 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.

4.5 Photoluminescence spectroscopy.

4.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

4.7 Electron spin resonance spectroscopy.

4.8 M¶ssbauer spectroscopy.

5. Atomic spectroscopy.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy.

5.3 Atomic emission spectroscopy.

5.4 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.

6. X-ray techniques.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 X-ray diffraction.

6.3 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

6.4 Electron microprobe analysis.

6.5 Proton induced X-ray emission.

6.6 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy.

7. Mass spectrometry.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Molecular mass spectrometry.

7.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry.

7.4 Atomic mass spectrometry.

8. Chromatography and electrophoresis.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Paper chromatography.

8.3 Thin layer chromatography.

8.4 Gas chromatography.

8.5 High performance liquid chromatography.

8.6 Size exclusion chromatography.

8.7 Ion chromatography.

8.8 Capillary electrophoresis.

9. Thermal and mechanical analysis.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Thermogravimetric analysis.

9.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis.

9.4 Tensile Testing.

9.5 Flexural Testing.

9.6 Thermal Mechanical Analysis.

9.7 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis.

9.8 Hardness.

10. Nuclear methods.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Radioisotopic dating.

10.3 Neutron activation analysis.

10.4 Luminescence.

10.5 Neutron diffraction.

Appendix Infrared spectra of polymers.

Index.