Air-Ice-Ocean Interaction

Turbulent Ocean Boundary Layer Exchange Processes

By: Miles McPhee

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Hardcover | 10 September 2008

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228 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.27

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At a time when the polar regions are undergoing rapid and unprecedented change, understanding exchanges of momentum, heat and salt at the ice-ocean interface is critical for realistically predicting the future state of sea ice. By offering a measurement platform largely unaffected by surface waves, drifting sea ice provides a unique laboratory for studying aspects of geophysical boundary layer flows that are extremely difficult to measure elsewhere. This book draws on both extensive observations and theoretical principles to develop a concise description of the impact of stress, rotation, and buoyancy on the turbulence scales that control exchanges between the atmosphere and underlying ocean when sea ice is present. Several interesting and unique observational data sets are used to illustrate different aspects of ice-ocean interaction ranging from the impact of salt on melting in the Greenland Sea marginal ice zone, to how nonlinearities in the equation of state for seawater affect mixing in the Weddell Sea.

The book's content, developed from a series of lectures, may be appropriate additional material for upper-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students studying the geophysics of sea ice and planetary boundary layers.

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"Air-Ice-Ocean Interaction will be a valuable reference for Artic and Antarctic researchers-be they observers, numerical modelers, or theoreticians. It will also be an excellent resource for the Earth sciences graduate students. ... His monograph would make a fine graduate-level companion text ... . Air-Ice-Ocean Interaction will provide students and researchers ... with the theoretical principles needed for rigorous investigations of ongoing and future polar climate processes and change." (Mary-Louise Timmermans, Physics Today, June, 2009)

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Introduction	p. 1
Arctic Change	p. 1
The Southern Ocean	p. 7
Ekman's Seminal Paper	p. 8
Polar Boundary-Layer Field Studies	p. 10
Roadmap	p. 12
References	p. 13
Basic Physical Concepts	p. 15
Conservation Equations in Fluids	p. 15
Reynolds Fluxes	p. 16
Rotation: The Coriolis Force and Geostrophy	p. 18
Geostrophic Shear	p. 19
Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 19
Inertial Oscillations	p. 20
Ekman Pumping	p. 24
The Equation of State for Seawater	p. 28
References	p. 36
Turbulence Basics	p. 39
General Characteristics	p. 39
IOBL Measurement Techniques and Examples	p. 40
Smith Rotors	p. 40
Turbulence Instrument Clusters	p. 41
Momentum and Scalar Flux Measurements	p. 43
Estimating Confidence Limits for Covariance Calculations	p. 46
Averaging Time and the Spectral Gap	p. 48
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Equation	p. 51
Scalar Variance Conservation	p. 53
Turbulence Spectra and the Energy Cascade	p. 54
Mixing Length, Eddy Viscosity, and the w Spectrum	p. 58
Scalar Spectra	p. 60
References	p. 62
Similarity for the Ice/Ocean Boundary Layer	p. 65
The Surface Layer	p. 65
Mixing Length in the Neutral Surface Layer	p. 67
The Law of the Wall and Surface Roughness Length	p. 67
Monin-Obukhov Similarity	p. 68
The Outer Layer	p. 70
Similarity for Turbulent Stress in the Outer Layer	p. 72
Rossby Similarity for the Neutral IOBL	p. 74
Similarity for the Stably Stratified IOBL	p. 77
IOBL Similarity and the Atmospheric Boundary Layer	p. 81
Dimensionless Shear	p. 81
The Rossby-Similarity Parameters for Stable Stratification	p. 83
Ice-Edge Bands	p. 83
References	p. 85
Turbulence Scales for the Ice/Ocean Boundary Layer	p. 87
Neutral OBL Scales	p. 87
Ice Station Weddell	p. 87
Ice Station Polarstern	p. 93
The IOBL with Stabilizing Boundary Buoyancy Flux	p. 95
The Statically Unstable IOBL	p. 98
Velocity Scales in the IOBL	p. 102
Summary of IOBL Scales	p. 105
References	p. 107
The Ice/Ocean Interface	p. 109
Enthalpy and Salt Balance at the Interface	p. 110
Turbulent Exchange Coefficients	p. 112
The "Three-Equation" Interface Solution	p. 114
Heat Flux Measurements and the Stanton Number for Sea Ice	p. 116
Double Diffusion-Melting	p. 118
Double Diffusion and False Bottoms	p. 119
Freezing-Is Double Diffusion Important?	p. 125
References	p. 130
A Numerical Model for the Ice/Ocean Boundary Layer	p. 133
Difference Equations	p. 133
Boundary Conditions	p. 135
Flux of Variable [theta] Specified at Upper Surface	p. 136
Variable [theta] Specified at Upper Surface	p. 136
Dynamic Momentum Flux Condition	p. 137
Flux of [theta] Specified at the Bottom of Model Domain	p. 138
[theta] Specified at the Bottom of the Model Domain	p. 138
Steady-State Momentum Equation	p. 139
Distributed Sources	p. 139
Solution Technique	p. 140
The Local Turbulence Closure Model	p. 140
The Ice/Ocean Interface Submodel	p. 143
References	p. 143
LTC Modeling Examples	p. 145
Diurnal Heating Near the Solstice, SHEBA	p. 146
Inertial Oscillations in Late Summer, SHEBA	p. 151
Wind Forced Model	p. 151
Models Forced by Surface Velocity	p. 157
Short-Term Velocity Prediction	p. 160
Marginal Static Stability, MaudNESS	p. 162
References	p. 170
The Steady Local Turbulence Closure Model	p. 173
Model Description	p. 176
The Eddy Viscosity/Diffusivity Iteration	p. 177
Applications	p. 184
Ice Station Polarstern	p. 184
Underice Hydraulic Roughness for SHEBA	p. 186
SHEBA Time Series	p. 189
References	p. 192
Colour Plate Section	p. 193
Index	p. 213
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Air-Ice-Ocean Interaction

Turbulent Ocean Boundary Layer Exchange Processes

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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Paperback

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