X-Rays and Materials

Preface xi

Chapter 1. Synchrotron Radiation: Instrumentation in Condensed Matter 1
Jean-Paul ITIE, François BAUDELET, Valerie BRIOIS, Eric ELKAÏM, Amor NADJI and Dominique THIAUDIÈRE

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Light sources in the storage ring 2

1.3. Emittance and brilliance of a source 6

1.4. X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation 8

1.5. X-ray absorption spectroscopy usingsynchrotron radiation 13

1.6. SAMBA: the X-ray absorption spectroscopy beam line of SOLEIL for 4?40 keV 20

1.7. The DIFFABS beam line 27

1.8. CRISTAL beam line 34

1.9. The SOLEIL ODE line for dispersive EXAFS 38

1.10. Conclusion 43

1.11. Bibliography 44

Chapter 2. Nanoparticle Characterization using Central X-ray Diffraction 49
Olivier SPALLA

2.1. Introduction 49

2.2. Definition of scattered intensity 50

2.3. Invariance principle 52

2.4. Behavior for large q: the Porod regime 55

2.5. Particle-based systems 59

2.6. An absolute scale for measuring particle numbers 75

2.7. Conclusion 78

2.8. Bibliography 79

Chapter 3. X-ray Diffraction for Structural Studies of Carbon Nanotubes and their Insertion Compounds 81
Julien CAMBEDOUZOU and Pascale LAUNOIS

3.1. Introduction 81

3.2. Single-walled carbon nanotubes 85

3.3. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 96

3.4. Hybrid nanotubes 102

3.5. Textured powder samples 110

3.6. Conclusion 121

3.7. Bibliography 122

Chapter 4. Dielectric Relaxation and Morphotropic Phases in Nanomaterials 129
Jean-Michel KIAT

4.1. Introduction 129

4.2. Dielectric relaxation and morphotropic region: definition and mechanism 130

4.3. Relaxation, morphotropic region and size reduction 163

4.4. Conclusion 174

4.5. Acknowledgements 175

4.6. Bibliography 175

Chapter 5. Evolution of Solid-state Microstructures in Polycrystalline Materials: Application of High-energy X-ray Diffraction to Kinetic and Phase Evolution Studies 181
Elisabeth AEBY-GAUTIER, Guillaume GEANDIER, Moukrane DEHMAS, Fabien BRUNESEAUX, Adeline BENETEAU, Patrick WEISBECKER, Benoît APPOLAIRE and Sabine DENIS

5.1. Introduction 181

5.2. Experimental methods 183

5.3. Results 195

5.4. Conclusion 213

5.5. Acknowledgements 214

5.6. Bibliography 214

List of Authors 221

Index 223