X-Ray Computed Tomography in Biomedical Engineering

By: Robert Cierniak

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Hardcover | 11 January 2011

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332 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 2.54

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Computed Tomography gives a detailed overview of various aspects of computed tomography. It discusses X-ray CT tomography from a historical point of view, the design and physical operating principles of computed tomography apparatus, the algorithms of image reconstruction and the quality assessment criteria of tomography scanners. Algorithms of image reconstruction from projections, a crucial problem in medical imaging, are considered in depth. The author gives descriptions of the reconstruction methods related to tomography scanners with a parallel X-ray beam, trough solutions with fan-shaped beam and successive modifications of spiral scanners. Computed Tomography contains a dedicated chapter for those readers who are interested in computer simulations based on studies of reconstruction algorithms. The information included in this chapter will enable readers to create a simulation environment in which virtual tomography projections can be obtained in all basic projection systems. This monograph is a valuable study on computed tomography that will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in the fields of biomedical engineering, medical electronics, computer science and medicine.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Medicine Nursing & Ancillary Services Biomedical Engineering Other Branches of Medicine Medical Imaging Tomography Pre-Clinical Medicine & Basic Sciences Engineering & Technology Technology in General Engineering in General Electronics & Communications Engineering

Electronics Engineering Computing & I.T.Graphical & Digital Media Applications Computer Science Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision

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Published: 29th August 2014

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Introduction	p. 1
Some Words About the History of Computed Tomography	p. 7
References	p. 19
Technical Concepts of X-ray Computed Tomography Scanners	p. 21
Data Acquisition Systems	p. 22
First-Generation Scanners	p. 24
Second-Generation Scanners	p. 25
Third-Generation Scanners	p. 25
Fourth-Generation Scanners	p. 27
Spiral Scanners	p. 31
X-ray Sources	p. 32
The Physics of X-ray Sources	p. 33
X-ray Tubes	p. 37
Electrical Aspects of X-ray Tubes	p. 43
X-ray Detectors	p. 45
Detector Matrices	p. 48
Detector Parameters	p. 48
Imaging in Computed Tomography Devices	p. 52
Luminance of the Image	p. 52
Discretisation and Quantisation of the Image	p. 53
The Display of Reconstructed Images	p. 56
References	p. 60
The Physics of Data Acquisition	p. 63
X-ray Propagation Through Matters	p. 63
The Radon Transform	p. 68
X-ray Collimators	p. 72
Physical Causes of Artefacts in the Reconstructed Image	p. 73
Spectral Nonlinearities	p. 74
Beam-width Nonlinearities	p. 77
Scatter Nonlinearities	p. 78
Metal Artefacts	p. 79
Measurement Noise	p. 80
References	p. 81
Reconstruction from Parallel-beam Projections	p. 83
Geometry of the Parallel-beam Scanner	p. 83
Geometry of the Discrete Parallel-beam Scanner	p. 86
Image Reconstruction from Projections: Problem Formulation	p. 93
Reconstruction Methods by Convolution/Filtration and Back-Projection	p. 97
Choice of the Filter Forms	p. 101
Reconstruction Method by Convolution and Back-Projection	p. 110
Discrete Implementation of the Reconstruction Method by Convolution and Back-Projection	p. 113
Reconstruction Method by Filtration and Back-Projection	p. 117
Discrete Implementation of the Reconstruction Method by Filtration and Back-Projection	p. 121
References	p. 125
Reconstruction from Fan-beam Projections	p. 127
Geometry of the Fan-beam Scanner	p. 127
Geometry of the Discrete Projection System	p. 129
Reconstruction Method with Rebinning	p. 131
Discrete Implementation of the Reconstruction Method with Rebinning	p. 133
Direct Fan-beam Reconstruction Method	p. 135
Discrete Implementation of the Direct Fan-beam Reconstruction Method	p. 141
References	p. 147
Spiral Tomography	p. 149
Single Slice Computed Tomography-SSCT	p. 150
The Geometry of the Scanner	p. 151
The Geometry of the Discrete Scanner	p. 153
The 360° LI Reconstruction Algorithm	p. 155
Discrete Implementation of the 360° LI Reconstruction Method	p. 158
The 180° LI Reconstruction Algorithm	p. 160
Discrete Implementation of the 180° LI Reconstruction Method	p. 166
Multi-Slice Computed Tomography-MSCT	p. 170
The Geometry of the Scanner	p. 170
The Geometry of the Discrete Scanner	p. 173
The z-Filtering Reconstruction Algorithm	p. 176
Discrete Implementation of the z-filtering Reconstruction Method	p. 181
Cone-Beam Spiral Computed Tomography-CBCT	p. 185
The Geometry of the Cone-Beam Scanner	p. 187
The Geometry of the Discrete Cone-Beam Scanner	p. 190
The Feldkamp Algorithm	p. 192
Discrete Implementation of the Feldkamp Algorithm	p. 197
The Advanced Single-Slice Rebinning Algorithm-ASSR	p. 201
Discrete Implementation of the ASSR Algorithm	p. 224
References	p. 228
Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques	p. 233
Formulation of the Algebraic Problem of Image Reconstruction from Projections	p. 234
Algebraic Reconstruction Algorithms	p. 237
Basic ART Algorithm	p. 237
Practical Approach to the Basic ART Algorithm	p. 242
ART Algorithm with Relaxation	p. 244
Practical Approach to the ART Algorithm with Relaxation	p. 244
Chaotic ART Algorithm	p. 245
Practical Approach to the Chaotic ART Algorithm	p. 247
Iterative Coordinate Descent Algorithm	p. 248
The Geometry of the Projection System in 3D Space	p. 248
Formulation of the Reconstruction Problem in Terms of Probability	p. 253
Solving the Problem of Optimisation	p. 260
Practical Approach to the Iterative Coordinate Descent Algorithm	p. 262
References	p. 264
Evaluation of CT Devices	p. 267
Technical Parameters of CT Devices	p. 267
Phantoms	p. 270
ATS Phantom	p. 271
Moström's Phantom	p. 271
Low-contrast Resolution Phantom	p. 271
Spatial Resolution Phantom	p. 272
CT Linearity Phantom	p. 273
Slice Thickness Phantom	p. 274
Phantom Simulating a Skull Bone	p. 275
Phantom Sets	p. 276
Start-up and Test Procedures	p. 277
References	p. 278
Computer-Generated Projections for Simulations	p. 281
Mathematical Model for Parallel-beam Projections	p. 282
Mathematical Model for Fan-beam Projections	p. 287
Mathematical Model for Cone-beam Spiral Projections	p. 288
Introduction of Noise to the Projections	p. 294
References	p. 295
Functions and their Properties	p. 297
Sample Code for Selected Functions	p. 307
Index	p. 313
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

X-Ray Computed Tomography in Biomedical Engineering

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Hardcover

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