Web Accessibility

Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance

By: Jim Thatcher, Michael R. Burks, Christian Heilmann

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Paperback | 4 September 2010

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The Challenge of Accessibility When Tim Berners-Lee created the Web, he had some very specific goals in mind. Certainly, creating a technology that allowed the sharing of information was a main part of that goal, but an interesting piece of Berners-Lee's vision has always had to do with the human side of the Web. After all, it's not machines that use the Web, but people. Accessibility has become a hot topic in web design, despite the fact that it has always been a part of the original vision. In a broad sense, accessibility simply means ensuring that a given page on the Web is able to be accessed. Accessibility is not about disability; rather, it's about people getting to the shared information that the vision of the Web has made manifest. There has also been a lot said about how accessibility relates to web standards and vice versa. Realistically, accessibility relies on aspects of related web standards, but has in fact become a science, art, and practice of its own. It's a deep specialty, and one that is highly problematic, as what might make a page accessible to one person could conceivably render it inaccessible to another.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Graphical & Digital Media Applications Web Graphics & Design Digital Lifestyle & Online World: Consumer & User Guides Internet Guides & Online Services Computer Programming & Software Development Software Engineering Web Programming

Foreword	p. xxiii
About the Authors	p. xxv
About the Technical Reviewers	p. xxxi
Acknowledgments	p. xxxiii
Introduction	p. xxxv
The Impact of Web Accessibility	p. xlviii
Understanding Web Accessibility	p. 1
What Is Web Accessibility?	p. 2
Web Accessibility Is Essential for Equal Opportunity	p. 7
Benefits for People Without Disabilities	p. 8
Interdependent Components of Web Accessibility	p. 11
Approaches to Web Accessibility	p. 20
Harmful Myths About Web Accessibility	p. 32
Additional Benefits from a Business Perspective	p. 42
Call to Action	p. 47
Summary	p. 49
Overview of Law and Guidelines	p. 53
Evolution of Public Policy	p. 54
What Is the Problem?	p. 55
Complaints Filed Due to Inaccessible Web Design	p. 56
Development of Accessible Web Design Guidelines and Laws	p. 61
Summary	p. 67
Implementing Accessibility in the Enterprise	p. 69
Why Set Up an Accessibility Organization?	p. 70
Makeup of the Accessibility Organization	p. 71
Accessibility Organization Authority	p. 72
Accessibility Organization Scope, Goals, and Functions	p. 73
Implementation Approach	p. 80
Summary	p. 83
Implementing Accessible Websites	p. 84
Overview of Accessible Technologies	p. 85
HTML and XHTML	p. 87
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)	p. 88
JavaScript	p. 89
Flash	p. 91
Portable Document Format (PDF)	p. 93
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)	p. 93
QuickTime, Windows Media, and RealPlayer	p. 96
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)	p. 97
Java	p. 99
XML and XSL	p. 99
Summary	p. 100
Assistive Technology: Screen Readers and Browsers	p. 103
Screen Readers	p. 104
Talking and Text-Only Browsers	p. 112
Screen Magnification	p. 116
Browser Checks of Website Accessibility	p. 117
Summary	p. 124
Accessible Content	p. 127
Guidelines for Accessible Web Development	p. 128
Using Text Equivalents for Images	p. 131
Using Text Equivalents for Audio	p. 152
Using Color	p. 154
Creating Accessible Tables	p. 158
Flicker Issues	p. 173
Summary	p. 176
Accessible Navigation	p. 179
Navigation Considerations	p. 180
Reading Order	p. 181
Heading Navigation	p. 184
Skip Navigation Links	p. 186
Accessible Frames	p. 196
Accessible Image Maps	p. 201
Layout and Navigation	p. 205
Accessible Links	p. 206
Summary	p. 211
Accessible Data Input	p. 213
Guidelines for Data-Input Forms	p. 214
Accessible Forms	p. 217
Mandatory Fields, Errors, and Help for Forms	p. 236
PDF Forms	p. 240
Accessibility of Forms for People Who Are Deaf	p. 241
Timed Responses	p. 242
Summary	p. 244
CSS for Accessible Web Pages	p. 247
How Style Sheets Benefit Accessibility	p. 248
CSS Basics	p. 253
Color and Backgrounds	p. 259
Text and Fonts	p. 261
Image Replacement Techniques	p. 267
Layout and Positioning	p. 271
Alternative Style Sheets	p. 282
Nonscreen Media	p. 285
Testing and Validation	p. 287
Summary	p. 288
Accessible JavaScript	p. 291
The JavaScript Saga	p. 292
Why JavaScript Has a Bad Reputation	p. 293
JavaScript Considerations	p. 294
Unobtrusive JavaScript	p. 301
Accessible Forms and JavaScript	p. 331
Summary	p. 335
Accessible Flash	p. 337
User Requirements	p. 338
Technical Requirements	p. 340
Key Concepts for Accessible Flash Design	p. 342
Flash Accessibility Best Practices	p. 345
Summary	p. 365
PDF Accessibility	p. 367
Accessibility Features in Adobe Reader	p. 368
Tagged PDFs	p. 379
Accessibility Repair and Optimization	p. 391
Accessible PDF Forms	p. 404
Summary	p. 405
Accessibility Testing	p. 407
What Testing Is Possible?	p. 408
Accessibility Checking Software	p. 419
The Test File Set and Results	p. 446
Summary	p. 456
Introduction to WCAG 2.0	p. 459
Standards vs. Guidelines	p. 460
WCAG 2.0 from 50,000 Feet	p. 461
What's in WCAG 2.0?	p. 462
Example of Using the WCAG 2.0 Guidelines	p. 466
WCAG 2.0 Advantages and Concerns	p. 468
Section 508 and WCAG	p. 472
Summary	p. 473
Retrofitting Case Study: Redesign of a University Website	p. 475
The Original Site	p. 476
The Redesign	p. 485
Does the Design Solve the Original Problems?	p. 501
Problems Along the Way-Lessons Learned	p. 504
The Implementation of the New Design	p. 507
Summary	p. 507
Accessibility Law and Policy	p. 510
U.S. Web Accessibility Law in Depth	p. 511
Americans with Disabilities Act and the Internet	p. 513
Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996	p. 533
Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards (Section 508) Overview	p. 534
Legal Hot Topics for Web Developers and Policy Makers	p. 539
Summary	p. 543
Worldwide Accessibility Laws and Policies	p. 547
Australia	p. 548
Austria	p. 550
Belgium	p. 551
Brazil	p. 553
Canada	p. 554
Denmark	p. 555
European Union	p. 556
Finland	p. 558
France	p. 558
Germany	p. 559
Hong Kong	p. 561
Ireland	p. 561
Italy	p. 562
Japan	p. 565
Korea	p. 569
Luxembourg	p. 569
The Netherlands	p. 570
New Zealand	p. 571
Norway	p. 573
Portugal	p. 574
Singapore	p. 576
Spain	p. 577
Sweden	p. 577
Thailand	p. 577
United Kingdom	p. 578
Summary	p. 579
Glossary of Terms	p. 581
Guide to the Section 508 Standards for Electronic and Information Technology	p. 595
Overview of PAS 78 Guide to Good Practice in Commissioning Accessible Websites	p. 619
Index	p. 627
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Web Accessibility

Web Standards and Regulatory Compliance

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Paperback

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