Water Resources and Control Processes

1 Surface Water Quality Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Mathematical Simulation of the Surface Water System.- A. Water Quality Model Formulation.- B. Transport and Transformation.- C. Mathematical Model and Computer Application.- D. Modeling Procedures.- III. Oxygen Consumption and Replenishment in Receiving Waters.- A. Biochemical Decay of Carbonaceous Waste Materials.- B. Nitrification.- C. Photosynthesis and Respiration.- D. Sediment Oxygen Demand.- E. Atmospheric Reaeration.- IV. Coliform Bacteria Die-Off.- V. Modeling Application in Surface Water Quality.- A. River Analysis.- B. Estuary Analysis.- C. Lake Analysis.- Nomenclature.- References.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- 2 Water Quality Control of Tidal Rivers and Estuaries.- I. Introduction.- II. Water Quality Parameters.- A. Conservative Substances.- B. Reactive Substances.- C. Sequentially Reactive Constituents.- D. Surface Transfer Coefficient, Reaeration Coefficient, and Deoxygenation Coefficient.- E. Assimilation Ratio.- F. Estuarine Number.- G. Dispersion Coefficient.- H. Advective Velocity.- III. Basic Mathematical Models.- IV. Working Models.- A. Steady-State Equations for Waste Concentrations in Tidal Rivers and Estuaries Resulting from a Point Source of Pollution.- B. Steady-State Equations for Waste Concentrations in Tidal Rivers and Estuaries Resulting from a Distributed Source of Pollution.- C. Alternate Working Models and Systems Identification for Tidal Rivers.- V. Practical Examples.- Nomenclature.- References.- 3 Cooling of Thermal Discharges.- I. Introduction.- II. Cooling Ponds.- A. Mechanism of Heat Dissipation.- B. Design of Cooling Lakes.- III. Cooling Towers.- A. Mechanism of Heat Dissipation.- B. Definitions.- C. Types of Towers.- D. Problems Associated with Cooling Tower Operations.- E. Costs.- References.- 4 Control of Reservoirs and Lakes.- I. Introduction.- II. Special Features of Water.- III. Hydrology.- IV. Evaporation.- V. Transpiration.- VI. Evapotranspiration.- VII. Infiltration and Percolation.- VIII. Runoff.- IX. Groundwater.- X. Impact of Pollution on Lakes.- XI. Thermal Impacts on the Aquatic Environment.- XII. Toxics in Water Resources.- XIII. Goals of Water Pollution Control.- References.- 5 Deep-Well Disposal.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Well Designs.- III. Evaluation of a Proposed Injection Well Site.- A. Confinement Conditions.- B. Potential Receptor Zones.- C. Subsurface Hydrodynamics.- IV. Potential Hazards-Ways to Prevent, Detect, and Correct Them.- A. Fluid Movement During Construction, Testing, and Operation of the System.- B. Failure of the Aquifer to Receive and Transmit the Injected Fluids.- C. Failure of the Confining Layer.- D. Failure of an Individual Well.- E. Failures Because of Human Error.- V. Economic Evaluation of a Proposed Injection Well System.- VI. Use of Injection Wells in Wastewater Management.- A. Reuse for Engineering Purposes.- B. Injection Wells as a Part of the Treatment System.- C. Storage of Municipal Wastewaters for Reuse.- D. Storage of Industrial Wastewaters.- E. Disposal of Toxic Wastewaters.- F. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes.- G. Disposal of Municipal and Industrial Sludges.- VII. Protection of Usable Aquifers.- A. Pathway 1: Migration of Fluids Through a Faulty Injection Well Casing.- B. Pathway 2: Migration of Fluids Upward Through the Annulus Between the Casing and the Well Bore.- C. Pathway 3: Migration of Fluids from an Injection Zone Through the Confining Strata.- D. Pathway 4: Vertical Migration of Fluids Through Improperly Abandoned and Improperly Completed Wells.- E. Pathway 5: Lateral Migration of Fluids from Within an Injection Zone into a Protected Portion of that Strata.- F. Pathway 6: Direct Injection of Fluids into or Above an Underground Source of Drinking Water.- VIII. Nomenclature.- IX. Practical Examples.- References.- 6 Chemical Control of Pests and Vectors.- I. Introduction.- II. Pests and Poisons.- III. Control of Organisms Pathogenic to Humans.- IV. Chemical Control of Vector Organisms.- A. Vertebrates.- B. Arthropods.- V. Chemical Control of Organisms Destructive or Pathogenic to Plants.- VI. Chemical Control of Nuisance Organisms.- A. Terrestrial Plants.- B. Aquatic Plants.- C. Arthropods.- D. Vertebrates.- VII. Pollution from Chemical Poisons.- A. Zone of Influence.- B. Biological Magnification.- C. Toxic Effects on Human Health.- VIII. Alternatives to Chemical Poisoning.- A. Prevention Programs.- B. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Management of Radioactive Wastes.- I. Introduction.- A. Historical.- B. Effects of Radioactivity on Matter.- C. Effects of Radioactivity on Humans.- D. Energy Relations.- E. Magnitude of the Problem.- II. Sources of Radioactive Wastes.- A. Nuclear Fuel Cycle.- B. Research, Development, and Commercial Applications.- C. Medical.- III. Transport Mechanisms.- A. Air.- B. Water.- C. Concentration.- IV. Waste Management.- A. Principles of Treatment.- B. Plan for Waste Management.- C. Methods of Treatment.- D. Ultimate Disposal.- V. Surveillance.- A. Monitoring.- VI. Protection.- A. Principles.- B. Population Protection.- VII. Costs.- A. Various Treatment and Disposal Methods.- B. Relation to Benefits.- VIII. Anticipated Future Problems.- A. Long-Lived Isotopes.- B. High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors.- C. Liquid-Metal Fast-Breeder Reactors.- D. Krypton-85.- E. Fusion.- IX. Summary.- References.- 8 Drying and Evaporation Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. Natural Dewatering.- A. Drying Sand Beds.- B. Drying Lagoons.- III. Thermal Drying.- A. Tray Dryers.- B. Rotary Dryers.- C. Flash Dryers.- D. Spray Dryers.- E. Toroidal Dryers.- F. Multiple Hearth Furnaces.- IV. Evaporation.- V. Theory of Drying.- A. Water Evaporation and Thermal Drying.- B. Theory of Gravity Dewatering.- VI. Theory of Evaporation.- A. Heat Transfer.- B. Heat and Material Balance.- C. Multiple-Effect Evaporators.- Nomenclature.- References.- 9 Dredging Operations and Waste Disposal.- I. Introduction.- II. Type of Dredges.- A. Clamshell Dredge.- B. Dipper Dredge.- C. Pipeline Dredge.- D. Hopper Dredge.- III. Sources of Pollution from Dredging Operations.- IV. Dredge Disposal and Environmental Enhancement Alternatives.- A. Open Water Disposal.- B. Creating New Land in Diked Disposal Areas.- C. Wildlife Enhancement in Diked Disposal Areas.- D. Additional Disposal Alternatives.- E. Environmental Enhancement by Modifications of Dredging Schedules and Equipment.- V. Dredge Transport Alternatives.- A. Long Distance Piping.- B. Mechanical Transport Methods.- VI. Dredge Containment Alternatives.- A. Retaining Dike with Stone, Sand, or Carbon Filter..- B. Retaining Dike with Sluices.- C. Retaining Dike with Divider.- VII. Dredge Treatment Alternatives.- A. Processes Available for Sediment-Water Separation.- B. Processes Available for Treatment of Spoil Water.- VIII. Quality Criteria of Treated Sediment and Water.- IX. Economic Aspects of Dredging Treatment.- X. Conclusions and Summary.- XI. Practical Examples.- References.