| Information Retrieval and Visualization | p. 1 |
| Visualization | p. 3 |
| Definition | p. 3 |
| Scientific visualization and information visualization | p. 3 |
| Information retrieval | p. 4 |
| Browsing vs. query searching | p. 5 |
| Information at micro-level and macro-level | p. 7 |
| Spatial Characteristics of information space | p. 8 |
| Spatial characteristics of browsing | p. 10 |
| Perceptual and cognitive perspectives of visualization | p. 11 |
| Perceptual perspective | p. 11 |
| Cognitive perspective | p. 12 |
| Visualization for information retrieval | p. 13 |
| Rationale | p. 13 |
| Three information retrieval visualization paradigms | p. 16 |
| Procedures of establishing an information retrieval visualization model | p. 16 |
| Summary | p. 20 |
| Information Retrieval Preliminaries | p. 21 |
| Vector space model | p. 22 |
| Term weighting methods | p. 24 |
| Stop words | p. 25 |
| Inverse document frequency | p. 25 |
| The Salton term weighting method | p. 26 |
| Another term weighting method | p. 26 |
| Probability term weighting method | p. 26 |
| Similarity measures | p. 27 |
| Inner product similarity measure | p. 28 |
| Dice co-efficient similarity measure | p. 28 |
| The Jaccard co-efficient similarity measure | p. 28 |
| Overlap co-efficient similarity measure | p. 29 |
| Cosine similarity measure | p. 29 |
| Distance similarity measure | p. 30 |
| Angle-distance integrated similarity measure | p. 32 |
| The Pearson r correlation measure | p. 33 |
| Information retrieval (evaluation) models | p. 34 |
| Direction-based retrieval (evaluation) model | p. 34 |
| Distance-based retrieval (evaluation) model | p. 35 |
| Ellipse retrieval (evaluation) model | p. 36 |
| Conjunction retrieval (evaluation) model | p. 36 |
| Disjunction evaluation model | p. 38 |
| The Cassini oval retrieval (evaluation) model | p. 39 |
| Clustering algorithms | p. 40 |
| Non-hierarchical clustering algorithm | p. 42 |
| Hierarchical clustering algorithm | p. 43 |
| Evaluation of retrieval results | p. 45 |
| Summary | p. 46 |
| Visualization Models for Multiple Reference Points | p. 47 |
| Multiple references points | p. 48 |
| Model for fixed multiple reference points | p. 49 |
| Models for movable multiple reference points | p. 52 |
| Description of the original VIBE algorithm | p. 52 |
| Discussions about the model | p. 59 |
| Model for automatic reference point rotation | p. 66 |
| Definition of the visual space | p. 67 |
| Rotation of a reference point | p. 69 |
| Implication of information retrieval | p. 70 |
| Summary | p. 72 |
| Euclidean Spatial Characteristic Based Visualization Models | p. 73 |
| Euclidean space and its characteristics | p. 73 |
| Introduction to the information retrieval evaluation models | p. 75 |
| The distance-angel-based visualization model | p. 79 |
| The visual space definition | p. 79 |
| Visualization for information retrieval evaluation models | p. 81 |
| The angle-angle-based visualization model | p. 88 |
| The visual space definition | p. 88 |
| Visualization for information retrieval evaluation models | p. 89 |
| The distance-distance-based visualization model | p. 97 |
| The visual space definition | p. 97 |
| Visualization for information retrieval evaluation models | p. 99 |
| Summary | p. 104 |
| Kohonen Self-Organizing Map-An Artificial Neural Network | p. 107 |
| Introduction to neural networks | p. 107 |
| Definition of neural network | p. 108 |
| Characteristics and structures of neuron network | p. 109 |
| Kohonen self-organizing maps | p. 111 |
| Kohonen self-organizing map structures | p. 112 |
| Learning processing of the SOM algorithm | p. 113 |
| Feature map labeling | p. 119 |
| The SOM algorithm description | p. 120 |
| Implication of the SOM in information retrieval | p. 121 |
| Summary | p. 124 |
| Pathfinder Associative Network | p. 127 |
| Pathfinder associative network properties and descriptions | p. 128 |
| Definitions of concepts and explanations | p. 128 |
| The algorithm description | p. 131 |
| Graph layout method | p. 136 |
| Implications on information retrieval | p. 137 |
| Author co-citation analysis | p. 137 |
| Term associative network | p. 139 |
| Hyperlink | p. 140 |
| Search in Pathfinder associative networks | p. 141 |
| Summary | p. 142 |
| Multidimensional Scaling | p. 143 |
| MDS analysis method descriptions | p. 144 |
| Classical MDS | p. 144 |
| Non-metric MDS | p. 151 |
| Metric MDS | p. 157 |
| Implications of MDS techniques for information retrieval | p. 158 |
| Definitions of displayed objects and proximity between objects | p. 158 |
| Exploration in a MDS display space | p. 160 |
| Discussion | p. 161 |
| Summary | p. 163 |
| Internet Information Visualization | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Internet characteristics | p. 165 |
| Internet information organization and presentation methods | p. 166 |
| Internet information utilization | p. 168 |
| Challenges of the internet | p. 170 |
| Internet information visualization | p. 171 |
| Visualization of internet information structure | p. 172 |
| Internet information seeking visualization | p. 180 |
| Visualization of web traffic information | p. 183 |
| Discussion history visualization | p. 188 |
| Summary | p. 189 |
| Ambiguity in Information Visualization | p. 191 |
| Ambiguity and its implication in information visualization | p. 192 |
| Reason of ambiguity in information visualization | p. 192 |
| Implication of ambiguity for information visualization | p. 193 |
| Ambiguity analysis in information retrieval visualization models | p. 194 |
| Ambiguity in the Euclidean spatial characteristic based information models | p. 194 |
| Ambiguity in the multiple reference point based information visualization models | p. 202 |
| Ambiguity in the Pathfinder network | p. 207 |
| Ambiguity in SOM | p. 209 |
| Ambiguity in MDS | p. 210 |
| Summary | p. 211 |
| The Implication of Metaphors in Information Visualization | p. 215 |
| Definition, basic elements, and characteristics of a metaphor | p. 215 |
| Cognitive foundation of metaphors | p. 218 |
| Mental models, metaphors, and human computer interaction | p. 219 |
| Metaphors in human computer interaction | p. 219 |
| Mental models | p. 220 |
| Mental models in HCI | p. 220 |
| Metaphors in information visualization retrieval | p. 223 |
| Rationales for using metaphors | p. 223 |
| Metaphorical information retrieval visualization environments | p. 225 |
| Procedures and principles for metaphor application | p. 231 |
| Procedure for metaphor application | p. 231 |
| Guides for designing a good metaphorical visual information retrieval environment | p. 232 |
| Summary | p. 236 |
| Benchmarks and Evaluation Criteria for Information Retrieval Visualization | p. 239 |
| Information retrieval visualization evaluation | p. 239 |
| Benchmarks and evaluation standards | p. 243 |
| Factors affecting evaluation standards | p. 243 |
| Principles for developing evaluation benchmarks | p. 244 |
| Four proposed categories for evaluation criteria | p. 244 |
| Descriptions of proposed benchmarks | p. 246 |
| Summary | p. 253 |
| Afterthoughts | p. 255 |
| Introduction | p. 255 |
| Comparisons of the introduced visualization models | p. 257 |
| Issues and challenges | p. 260 |
| Summary | p. 268 |
| Bibliography | p. 269 |
| Index | p. 287 |
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