Virtue

Acknowledgements vii

1 what Are the Virtues? 1

1.1 A Working Definition of Virtue 1

1.2 Two Key Concepts of Virtue 7

1.3 Must We Choose between the Two Key Concepts? 25

1.4 Why Would We Care about the Virtues 28

2 Ends Matter: Virtues Attain Good Ends or Effects 31

2.1 Virtues Attain Good Ends: The Teleological Variety 33

2.2 Virtues Attain Good Effects: The Nonteleological Variety 53

2.3 Luck in Getting Ends or Effects 56

3 Motives Matter: Virtue Require Good Motives 59

3.1 Virtues Require Good Motives-and-Actions, but Attaining Good Ends? 63

3.2 Virtues Require Good Motives-Actions-and-Attaining-Good-Ends? 63

3.3 Virtues Require Good Motives-and-Actions-but-not-Attaining-Good-Ends 75

3.4 Objections 81

4 Vice and Failures of Virtue 86

4.1 Ends Matter: Vice Attain Bad Ends or Effects 88

4.2 Motives Matter: Vices Require Bad Motives 93

4.3 Weakness of Will and Vice 100

4.4 Self-Control and Virtue 104

5 Virtue, Right Action, and Knowledge 108

5.1 Components of the Virtues 109

5.2 Are Components of Moral Virtue Necessary and Sufficient for Right Action? 112

5.3 Are Components of Intellectual Virtue Necessary and Sufficient for Knowledge? 120

6 Virtue and Living Well 131

6.1 Living Well: some Parameters 132

6.2 Living Well: The Main Accounts 134

6.3 Is Virtue Sufficient for Living Well? 137

6.4 Is Virtue Necessary for Living Well? 142

7 How Can We Acquire the Virtues? 150

7.1 Habituation 151

7.2 Objections 154

7.3 Strategies for Acquiring Intellectual Virtues in University Classrooms 158

Notes 169

References 178

Index 183