
At a Glance
No. of Pages
592
592
Dimensions(cm)
22.86 x 15.24 x 2.54
22.86 x 15.24 x 2.54
RRP $172.95
$158.75
or 4 interest-free payments of $39.69 with
orShips in 5 to 7 business days
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was based on the observation that there is variation between individuals within the same species. This fundamental observation is a central concept in evolutionary biology. However, variation is only rarely treated directly. It has remained peripheral to the study of mechanisms of evolutionary change. The explosion of knowledge in genetics, developmental biology, and the ongoing synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology has made it possible for us to study the factors that limit, enhance, or structure variation at the level of an animals' physical appearance and behavior. Knowledge of the significance of variability is crucial to this emerging synthesis. Variation situates the role of variability within this broad framework, bringing variation back to the center of the evolutionary stage.
- Provides an overview of current thinking on variation in evolutionary biology, functional morphology, and evolutionary developmental biology
- Written by a team of leading scholars specializing on the study of variation
- Reviews of statistical analysis of variation by leading authorities
- Key chapters focus on the role of the study of phenotypic variation for evolutionary, developmental, and post-genomic biology
Industry Reviews
"...Variation: A Central Concept in Biology, is sure to spark the interest of nearly all ecologists and evolutionary biologists...How does this variation arise? How do new variants evolve? What contrains variation? The answers are incomplete. However, the chapters of this book provide a glimpse at our current understanding of phenotypic variation." - James A. Fordyce, University of Tenessee, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, in ECOLOGY "Variation is certainly a topic of central interest in evolutionary biology and this new book offers an unusually inclusive array of perspectives on the topic. I especially enjoyed the breadth of coverage. Novel features are found that one might not have expected in a book of this nature, such as structural, functional and developmental variation, as contrasted with the expected emphases on genetic variation, canalization and phenotypic plasticity, and their relation to life history evolution. Palmer's stimulating chapter on antisymmetry is particularly noteworthy for its originality. Another unusual treatment is Badyaev's focus on the role of stress in evolution, which is examined from a different perspective by Hoffmann and McKenzie. On the whole this is an assemblage of excellent chapters by many of the central figures in the fields covered and will be a welcome addition to my library." - David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. "This comprehensive, diverse and stimulating volume is a must-read for anyone interested in development and evolution. Never has the critical subject of variation been so well treated in terms of how to analyze variation, how developmental processes induce and constrain its properties, and the complex relationships between genotypic, environmental and phenotypic variation. This is a tour-de-force treatment of a critical subject." - Daniel E. Lieberman, Harvard University, U.S.A. "Where do genetic and phenotypic diversity come from and how are they are maintained? Do the same processes link the differences within species to the stable differences between species? These are the big questions about the diversity of life on Earth and Hallgrimsson and Hall's book provides the latest views from leading scientists of diversity and form." - Mark Pagel, University of Reading, England "Variation is the basic material of evolution. At last we have a book that takes a modern approach to variation in all its forms-populational, developmental, genetic, morphological-and links it to the processes that generate the variation itself. This is not a collection of bland reviews, but a vital compendium of novel perspectives that begin to meld the new data of evo-devo with the accepted body of Modern Synthesis work. A must for any evolutionist's library." - Kevin Padian, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. Listed in NEW TITLES in BIOSCIENCE (April 2006) "...chapters are authoritative and well written, and graduate students and scientists will find much here that is thought-provoking." - Carl D. Schlichting, Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, in BIOSCIENCE
| Foreword | p. xvii |
| Contributors | p. xix |
| Variation and Variability: Central Concepts in Biology | p. 1 |
| Variation from Darwin to the Modern Synthesis | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Variation before Darwin | p. 12 |
| Darwin and Variation | p. 13 |
| Alternative Theories of Variation and Evolution | p. 16 |
| Neo-Darwinism | p. 19 |
| The Evolutionary Synthesis | p. 22 |
| Conclusions | p. 25 |
| References | p. 26 |
| The Statistics of Variation | p. 29 |
| Abstract | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 30 |
| Absolute Variation: Univariate Case | p. 30 |
| Levene's Test | p. 31 |
| Smith's Test | p. 32 |
| Jackknifing | p. 33 |
| Absolute Variation: Multivariate Case | p. 34 |
| Relative Variation: Univariate Case | p. 40 |
| Relative Variation: Multivariate Case | p. 41 |
| Dimensionality of Variation | p. 42 |
| Tightness | p. 43 |
| Measurement Error and Single Specimens | p. 45 |
| References | p. 46 |
| Landmark Morphometrics and the Analysis of Variation | p. 49 |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| Coordinate Data and the Coordinate System | p. 51 |
| The General Perturbation Model for Landmark Variation | p. 53 |
| Proper Elimination of Nuisance Parameters Using a Coordinate System Invariant Method of Estimation | p. 56 |
| Adding Assumptions to the Perturbation Model | p. 60 |
| Model 0: Isotropic Error Model | p. 61 |
| Model 1: [Sigma subscript K]=Independent Local Variation | p. 62 |
| Model 2: [Sigma subscript K]=Independent Modules | p. 63 |
| Model 3: [Sigma subscript K]=Co-dependent Modules | p. 64 |
| Conclusions | p. 67 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 68 |
| References | p. 68 |
| Variation in Ontogeny | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Measuring Variation: A Case Study | p. 74 |
| Data Analyzed | p. 74 |
| Levels of Variation in Data on Growth and Protein Malnutrition | p. 75 |
| Measuring within Individual Variation | p. 76 |
| Measuring among Individual Variation | p. 77 |
| Testing for Variation between Treatment Groups | p. 77 |
| Factor Differences for within Individual Variation | p. 78 |
| Factor Differences for among Individual Variation | p. 79 |
| Implications for Studies of Variation | p. 80 |
| Utility of Standard Laboratory Animal Models | p. 80 |
| Within Individual Variation | p. 80 |
| Between or among Individual Variation | p. 81 |
| Variation across Hierarchical Levels | p. 82 |
| Conclusions | p. 83 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 83 |
| References | p. 84 |
| Constraints on Variation from Genotype through Phenotype to Fitness | p. 87 |
| Introduction | p. 87 |
| RNA Evolutionary Model | p. 89 |
| Evolving Constraints on Variation in RNA | p. 91 |
| Mechanistic Constraints | p. 96 |
| The Spectrum of Mutational Constraints | p. 96 |
| The Evolution of Mutational Constraints | p. 99 |
| Epistatic Constraints | p. 102 |
| The Spectrum of Epistatic Constraints | p. 103 |
| The Evolution of Epistatic Constraints | p. 104 |
| Viability Constraints | p. 104 |
| Modularity: A Way Out of the Constraints | p. 105 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 107 |
| References | p. 107 |
| Developmental Origins of Variation | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| Does Intrinsic Developmental Variation Exist? | p. 115 |
| Intrinsic Variation in Different Environments | p. 118 |
| Potential Origins of Intrinsic Developmental Variation | p. 118 |
| Noise | p. 118 |
| An Example of Noise in Eukaryotic Transcription | p. 119 |
| Noisy bicoid Gene Expression in Fruit Flies | p. 120 |
| Noise in Asymmetry Production | p. 120 |
| Noisy Implication for Evolution | p. 120 |
| Networks | p. 121 |
| Morphogenetic Fields: A Potential Source of Variation | p. 125 |
| Implications | p. 126 |
| Summary | p. 127 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 128 |
| References | p. 128 |
| Canalization, Cryptic Variation, and Developmental Buffering: A Critical Examination and Analytical Perspective | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 132 |
| A Review of the Reviews | p. 133 |
| Empirical Concerns for the Study of Canalization | p. 134 |
| The Amount of Genetic Variation must be Controlled between Lines/Populations | p. 134 |
| The Need for Multiple, Independent Samples (Across Genotypes, Not Individuals) | p. 135 |
| Genetic Background must be Controlled for Comparisons between Treatments | p. 135 |
| Definitions of Canalization | p. 136 |
| Reaction Norm of the Mean (RxNM) Definition of Canalization | p. 137 |
| The Variation Approach to Canalization | p. 138 |
| Partitioning Sources of Variation | p. 139 |
| Variation within Individual (V[subscript WI]) | p. 140 |
| Variation between Individuals, within Genotype (V[subscript BI]) | p. 140 |
| Between-Line (Genetic) Variation (V[subscript G]) | p. 140 |
| Inferring Canalization: When is a Trait Canalized? | p. 140 |
| What are the Appropriate Tests for Making Statistical Inferences about Canalization? | p. 142 |
| In the Interim... | p. 144 |
| Analysis for the RxNM Approach | p. 144 |
| The Analysis of Cryptic Genetic Variation | p. 146 |
| Mapping Cryptic Genetic Variants | p. 147 |
| Is the Genetic Architecture of Cryptic Genetic Variation Different from that of Other Genetic Variation Involved with Trait Expression? | p. 149 |
| Now that I have All of this Cryptic Genetic Variation, What do I do with It? | p. 153 |
| The Future for Studies of Canalization | p. 154 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 155 |
| References | p. 155 |
| Mutation and Phenotypic Variation: Where is the Connection? Capacitators, Stressors, Phenotypic Variability, and Evolutionary Change | p. 159 |
| Abstract | p. 159 |
| Introduction: Variability and Limits | p. 160 |
| Mutators, Recombinators, Stressors, and Genetic Variability | p. 161 |
| Mutation | p. 161 |
| Recombination | p. 164 |
| The Impact of New Mutants and Recombinants: Canalization and Capacitators | p. 166 |
| In Search of Capacitators: Genes that Influence Developmental Stability and Canalization | p. 168 |
| Capacitators, Stressors, and Quantitative Variation | p. 175 |
| Do We Need Variability Generators? | p. 179 |
| Concluding Remarks: Experimental Programs for Defining the Role of Variability Generators | p. 183 |
| References | p. 184 |
| Within Individual Variation: Developmental Noise versus Developmental Stability | p. 191 |
| Introduction | p. 191 |
| Causes of Developmental Noise | p. 193 |
| Causes of Developmental Noise at the Molecular Level | p. 194 |
| Causes of Developmental Noise at the Developmental Systems Level | p. 198 |
| Causes of Developmental Noise at the Organismal Level | p. 202 |
| Mechanisms of Developmental Stability | p. 203 |
| Mechanisms for Developmental Stability at the Molecular Level | p. 203 |
| Mechanisms for Developmental Stability at the Developmental Systems Level | p. 210 |
| Mechanisms for Developmental Stability at the Organismal Level | p. 212 |
| Implications | p. 214 |
| References | p. 215 |
| Developmental Constraints, Modules, and Evolvability | p. 219 |
| Abstract | p. 219 |
| Introduction | p. 220 |
| Evolvability and Constraints | p. 221 |
| Integration and Modularity | p. 224 |
| Developmental Origins of Covariation among Traits | p. 226 |
| Developmental Interactions and Pleiotropy | p. 229 |
| Evolution of Pleiotropy and Developmental Interactions | p. 231 |
| Modularity of Pleiotropic Effects: Inherent in Developmental Systems or Evolved Property? | p. 236 |
| From Pleiotropic Gene Effects to G Matrices | p. 238 |
| G Matrices, Constraints, and Evolutionary Dynamics | p. 239 |
| Perspective: Developmental Processes and Evolutionary Constraints | p. 241 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 242 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Developmental Regulation of Variability | p. 249 |
| Introduction | p. 249 |
| Empirical Patterns | p. 251 |
| The Ontogeny of Variation in Male Norway Rat Cranial Shape | p. 255 |
| Biological Patterns versus Artifacts | p. 257 |
| Morphological Sampling | p. 257 |
| Life History/Developmental Rate | p. 258 |
| Mechanisms Generating and Regulating Craniofacial Shape Variance | p. 259 |
| Targeted Growth | p. 261 |
| Organismal Developmental Timing | p. 264 |
| Variation in Relative Developmental Timing of Modules | p. 266 |
| Neural Regulation of Musculoskeletal Interactions | p. 268 |
| Canalized Shape as an Epiphenomenon | p. 270 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 272 |
| References | p. 272 |
| Role of Stress in Evolution: From Individual Adaptability to Evolutionary Adaptation | p. 277 |
| Introduction | p. 277 |
| Evolution of Response to Stress | p. 279 |
| Detection and Avoidance | p. 279 |
| Stress-Avoidance Strategies | p. 281 |
| Evolutionary Consequences of Stress | p. 282 |
| Stress-Induced Variation | p. 282 |
| Buffering, Accommodating, and Directing Stress-Induced Variation | p. 285 |
| Inheritance | p. 291 |
| Evolutionary Adaptation | p. 292 |
| Stress-Induced Evolution versus Stress-Induced Stasis | p. 293 |
| Conclusions | p. 293 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 294 |
| References | p. 294 |
| Environmentally Contingent Variation: Phenotypic Plasticity and Norms of Reaction | p. 303 |
| Introduction | p. 304 |
| Plasticity Concepts | p. 305 |
| Specific Types of Plasticity | p. 305 |
| Reaction Norms | p. 306 |
| Parental Effect Reaction Norms (Cross-Generational Plasticity) | p. 307 |
| Imprinted Reaction Norms | p. 307 |
| Iterated Reaction Norms | p. 308 |
| Dynamic Reaction Norms | p. 309 |
| The Genetic and Developmental Basis of Phenotypic Plasticity | p. 309 |
| Photomorphogenetic Plasticity in Plants | p. 310 |
| Adaptive Plasticity for Timing of Amphibian Metamorphosis | p. 311 |
| Mediation of Phenotypic Expression | p. 312 |
| Genetic Variation and the Evolution of Plasticity | p. 315 |
| How Plasticity Interacts with Conserved Developmental Patterns | p. 317 |
| Genetic Causation and the Butterfly Wing: A More Complicated Picture | p. 319 |
| The Same Networks May Give Rise to Both Plasticity and Constraint | p. 321 |
| What Effects Does Plasticity Have on Populations and Communities? | p. 322 |
| Research Agenda | p. 326 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 327 |
| References | p. 327 |
| Variation and Life-History Evolution | p. 333 |
| Introduction | p. 333 |
| Phenotypic Variation in a Constant Environment | p. 334 |
| Mutation-Selection Balance | p. 334 |
| Heterozygous Advantage | p. 336 |
| Antagonistic Pleiotropy | p. 338 |
| Frequency-Dependent Selection | p. 339 |
| Phenotypic Variation in a Stochastic Environment | p. 341 |
| Temporal Variation | p. 341 |
| Spatial Variation | p. 344 |
| Spatial and Temporal Variation | p. 345 |
| Predictable Environments | p. 347 |
| Temporal Variation | p. 352 |
| Spatial Variation | p. 354 |
| Concluding Comments | p. 354 |
| References | p. 355 |
| Antisymmetry | p. 359 |
| Introduction | p. 360 |
| Asymmetry Terminology | p. 361 |
| Terms for Subtle Asymmetries | p. 361 |
| Terms for Conspicuous Asymmetry in an Individual | p. 363 |
| Terms for the Orientation of Bilateral or Spiral Asymmetries | p. 363 |
| Terms for Conspicuous Asymmetries in a Population or Species | p. 364 |
| The History of Antisymmetry | p. 367 |
| Taxomonic Distribution and Functional Significance of Antisymmetry | p. 368 |
| Plants | p. 369 |
| Cnidaria | p. 369 |
| Mollusca | p. 370 |
| Annelida | p. 372 |
| Arthropoda: Chelicerata | p. 372 |
| Arthropoda: Crustacea | p. 373 |
| Arthropoda: Insecta | p. 374 |
| Brachiopoda | p. 374 |
| Bryozoa | p. 375 |
| Echinodermata | p. 375 |
| Chordata | p. 375 |
| Development and Regeneration of Asymmetry in Antisymmetric Species | p. 376 |
| Ontogeny | p. 376 |
| Regeneration of Missing Antimeres | p. 377 |
| Inheritance of Direction in Antisymmetric Species | p. 378 |
| Inheritance of Direction in Directionally Asymmetric Species | p. 381 |
| Evolutionary Significance of Antisymmetry | p. 382 |
| What Next? | p. 384 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 384 |
| Appendix | p. 385 |
| References | p. 390 |
| Variation in Structure and Its Relationship to Function: Correlation, Explanation, and Extrapolation | p. 399 |
| Abstract | p. 400 |
| Introduction | p. 400 |
| Background | p. 402 |
| Approaches to the Study of Structural Variation | p. 403 |
| Variation as an Observable Phenomenon | p. 404 |
| Variation and Taxonomic Utility | p. 404 |
| Variation Associated with Developmental Plasticity | p. 405 |
| Geographically Based Variation | p. 406 |
| In Situ Correlational Studies of the Relationship between Structural Variation and Functional Attributes | p. 408 |
| Trophic Polymorphism and Environmental Fluctuation | p. 408 |
| Clinal Variation | p. 411 |
| Microgeographic Variation | p. 414 |
| Ex Situ Studies of the Relationship between Structural Variation and Performance | p. 415 |
| Variation in Trophic Performance | p. 417 |
| Locomotor Performance | p. 418 |
| Fluctuating Asymmetry and Variation in Performance | p. 423 |
| Selection Experiments and the Investigation of the Limits of Variability | p. 424 |
| Other Measures of Structural and Functional Variation | p. 425 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 426 |
| References | p. 428 |
| A Universal Generative Tendency toward Increased Organismal Complexity | p. 435 |
| Introduction | p. 435 |
| Internal Variance as Complexity | p. 438 |
| Three Simple Models | p. 441 |
| Model 1 | p. 441 |
| Model 2 | p. 443 |
| Model 3 | p. 445 |
| The Effect of Increased Dimensionality | p. 448 |
| Apparent Difficulties | p. 448 |
| Is There an Upward Bias in Real Lineages? | p. 449 |
| If So, the Principle Is Supported | p. 450 |
| If Not, Why Not? | p. 450 |
| Testing the Principle | p. 452 |
| A Reversal of Intuition | p. 452 |
| References | p. 453 |
| Variation and Versatility in Macroevolution | p. 455 |
| Principles | p. 455 |
| To Vary is Easy | p. 455 |
| Evolvability and Versatility | p. 456 |
| Examples | p. 460 |
| Elephantid Teeth | p. 460 |
| Disparity and Versatility in Sciuridae | p. 464 |
| Overview and Conclusion | p. 468 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 470 |
| References | p. 470 |
| Variation and Developmental Biology: Prospects for the Future | p. 475 |
| Introduction | p. 475 |
| Model Organisms: Expanding the Fold | p. 477 |
| Ecologically Significant Differences in Form between Species | p. 480 |
| How Many Ways to Make a Phenotype: Developmental Variation and Morphological Similarity | p. 485 |
| Intraspecific Developmental Variation: Canalization and Developmental Plasticity | p. 487 |
| Conclusions | p. 490 |
| References | p. 491 |
| Phenogenetics: Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Variation | p. 499 |
| Introduction | p. 499 |
| Mechanism versus Variation | p. 502 |
| From Genotype to Phenotype: Mechanism | p. 503 |
| A Quick Digression Concerning DNA Sequence: Arbitrary and Saturated | p. 504 |
| Pretranscriptional Mechanisms | p. 505 |
| Posttranscriptional Mechanisms | p. 508 |
| From Genotype to Phenotype: Variation | p. 510 |
| A Lexicographer's Nightmare: Canalization, Robustness, Plasticity, Polyphenism... | p. 510 |
| Developmental Process: Patterning Repeated Traits | p. 513 |
| Gene Regulation and the Evolution of Phenotypes | p. 515 |
| Phenogenetic Drift: The Role of Chance in the Evolution of Genotype-Phenotype Relationships | p. 516 |
| Summary | p. 517 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 518 |
| References | p. 518 |
| The Study of Phenotypic Variability: An Emerging Research Agenda for Understanding the Developmental-Genetic Architecture Underlying Phenotypic Variation | p. 525 |
| Introduction | p. 526 |
| Variability and the Biological Hierarchy | p. 527 |
| Components of Variability | p. 529 |
| Current Approaches to Understanding the Development-Genetic Architecture of Variability | p. 531 |
| Pattern-Based Approaches | p. 531 |
| Perturbation-Based Approaches | p. 533 |
| Model-Driven Approaches | p. 538 |
| A Developmental Systems Approach to Phenotypic Variability | p. 541 |
| The Regulation of Form in the Mouse Mandible | p. 542 |
| The Regulation of Outgrowth of the Facial Prominences in Mice | p. 546 |
| Conclusion | p. 547 |
| References | p. 548 |
| Index | p. 553 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780120887774
ISBN-10: 0120887770
Published: 24th June 2005
Language: English
Number of Pages: 592
Audience: General Adult
Publisher: Academic Press
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 22.86 x 15.24 x 2.54
Weight (kg): 0.89
Shipping
| Standard Shipping | Express Shipping | |
|---|---|---|
| Metro postcodes: | $9.99 | $14.95 |
| Regional postcodes: | $9.99 | $14.95 |
| Rural postcodes: | $9.99 | $14.95 |
How to return your order
At Booktopia, we offer hassle-free returns in accordance with our returns policy. If you wish to return an item, please get in touch with Booktopia Customer Care.
Additional postage charges may be applicable.
Defective items
If there is a problem with any of the items received for your order then the Booktopia Customer Care team is ready to assist you.
For more info please visit our Help Centre.
You Can Find This Book In
This product is categorised by
- Non-FictionEarth Sciences, Geography, Environment, PlanningEarth Sciences
- Non-FictionScienceBiology, Life SciencesDevelopmental Biology
- Non-FictionScienceBiology, Life SciencesLife Sciences in GeneralEvolution
- Kids & Children's BooksEducational MaterialScience Educational MaterialBiology Educational Material
- Non-FictionScienceBiology, Life SciencesLife Sciences in GeneralGenetics excluding Medical
- Non-FictionEarth Sciences, Geography, Environment, PlanningThe EnvironmentApplied EcologyBiodiversity
- Non-FictionScienceBiology, Life SciencesLife Sciences in GeneralEcological Science






![The Herbal Medicine-Maker's Handbook : A Home Manual [An Herbalism Book] - James Green](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9780895949905/6719/the-herbal-medicine-maker-s-handbook.jpg)

















