| List of Tables and Figures | p. xi |
| What is research, and why should it be used? | |
| Why should we use research? | p. 3 |
| The benefits of using research | p. 3 |
| The challenges involved in using research | p. 5 |
| Summary | p. 8 |
| What is research? | p. 9 |
| Defining research | p. 9 |
| Research language | p. 11 |
| Research, audit and clinical evaluation | p. 11 |
| Research paradigms | p. 13 |
| Methodologies and methods | p. 15 |
| Summary | p. 16 |
| Is the research any good? | |
| Finding information | p. 19 |
| Where to look for information | p. 19 |
| Deciding what information you need | p. 21 |
| Identifying key words | p. 22 |
| Boolean and, or and not | p. 24 |
| Truncation and Wildcards | p. 25 |
| Searching in the right field | p. 26 |
| Recording the results of searches | p. 26 |
| Summary | p. 27 |
| Appraising research | p. 29 |
| Why research needs to be appraised | p. 29 |
| What the research is about | p. 31 |
| Literature review | p. 31 |
| Methodology | p. 32 |
| Methods | p. 32 |
| Sampling | p. 33 |
| Ethical considerations | p. 36 |
| Analysis | p. 38 |
| Reliability and validity | p. 38 |
| Results and findings | p. 39 |
| Conclusions and recommendations | p. 39 |
| Is the study is applicable? | p. 40 |
| Using existing frameworks to evaluate research | p. 40 |
| Summary | p. 41 |
| Appraising quantitative research | p. 46 |
| The principles of quantitative enquiry | p. 46 |
| Practice situations in which quantitative enquiry is likely to be useful | p. 46 |
| Research question/hypothesis | p. 47 |
| Research design/methodology | p. 48 |
| Sampling | p. 51 |
| Methods of data collection | p. 51 |
| Reliability and validity | p. 52 |
| Data analysis | p. 53 |
| Results | p. 59 |
| Conclusions and recommendations | p. 60 |
| Application to practice | p. 60 |
| Summary | p. 61 |
| Appraising qualitative research | p. 65 |
| Principles of qualitative enquiry | p. 65 |
| Situations in which qualitative enquiry may be useful | p. 65 |
| Research question | p. 66 |
| Literature review | p. 66 |
| Methodology | p. 67 |
| Methods | p. 68 |
| Sampling | p. 71 |
| Data analysis | p. 72 |
| Truth of data | p. 73 |
| Findings | p. 76 |
| Conclusions | p. 76 |
| Applying qualitative research to practice | p. 76 |
| Summary | p. 77 |
| Appraising mixed methods research | p. 81 |
| The principles of mixed methods research | p. 81 |
| When mixed methods research may be useful? | p. 83 |
| What is the research about? | p. 83 |
| Literature review | p. 83 |
| Methodology | p. 84 |
| Methods of data collection | p. 85 |
| Sample | p. 86 |
| Ethical issues | p. 86 |
| Data analysis | p. 87 |
| Findings | p. 88 |
| Conclusions and recommendations | p. 89 |
| Quality in mixed methods research | p. 89 |
| Applying mixed methods research to practice | p. 90 |
| Summary | p. 90 |
| Using summaries of evidence | p. 94 |
| Using summaries of evidence | p. 94 |
| Systematic reviews | p. 95 |
| Meta analysis | p. 99 |
| Meta synthesis | p. 104 |
| Mixed methods synthesis | p. 107 |
| Clinical guidelines | p. 107 |
| Hierarchies of evidence | p. 109 |
| Summary | p. 110 |
| Putting research into practice | |
| Making decisions | p. 115 |
| What you need to make a decision | p. 115 |
| Patient experiences and preferences | p. 118 |
| Making the 'right' decision | p. 121 |
| Explaining and defending your decisions | p. 122 |
| Summary | p. 122 |
| Changing your practice | p. 123 |
| Deciding what you want to change | p. 123 |
| Aims or objectives | p. 125 |
| Planning what you will do | p. 126 |
| Resources | p. 127 |
| Barriers to change | p. 128 |
| Timetable | p. 129 |
| Evaluating your new practice | p. 129 |
| Planning for sustained change | p. 129 |
| Defending your practice | p. 130 |
| Action planning | p. 130 |
| Summary | p. 131 |
| Changing team practice | p. 132 |
| Deciding on what needs to be changed | p. 133 |
| Ways to approach change management | p. 133 |
| Force field analysis | p. 134 |
| Barriers to change | p. 135 |
| Key players | p. 138 |
| Readiness for change | p. 140 |
| Changing practice | p. 141 |
| Motivating managers to allow changed practice | p. 142 |
| Changing multidisciplinary practice | p. 143 |
| Summary | p. 145 |
| Evaluating new practice | p. 146 |
| What should be evaluated? | p. 146 |
| When to evaluate? | p. 147 |
| Approaches to evaluation | p. 148 |
| Evaluation methods | p. 149 |
| Who or what to collect information from? | p. 151 |
| Who should gather data? | p. 151 |
| Biases | p. 152 |
| When to collect data? | p. 153 |
| Interpreting data | p. 153 |
| Ethics and evaluation | p. 154 |
| Sharing the findings | p. 155 |
| Planning ongoing change | p. 155 |
| Summary | p. 156 |
| Conclusion | p. 157 |
| Deciding whether to use a study's findings | p. 159 |
| Was an appropriate statistical test used? | p. 162 |
| Action plan template examples | p. 163 |
| Additional resources | p. 164 |
| References | p. 166 |
| Index | p. 179 |
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