| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Motivation | p. 1 |
| Problem and Aims | p. 4 |
| Approach | p. 6 |
| Identification of Recurrent Design Problems | p. 9 |
| Identification of Proven Design Solutions and Their Trade-Offs | p. 10 |
| Documentation of the Usability Test Results in the Form of Design Patterns | p. 10 |
| Structure of the Book | p. 11 |
| References | p. 12 |
| Interactive TV Applications and Their Context of Use | p. 19 |
| Interactive TV Applications | p. 19 |
| Definition | p. 19 |
| Classification of Interactive TV Applications | p. 20 |
| Classification of Enhanced TV Applications | p. 25 |
| Context of Use | p. 26 |
| Usability | p. 26 |
| Context of Use | p. 27 |
| iTV Users | p. 30 |
| iTV User Goals and Tasks | p. 32 |
| iTV Equipment | p. 37 |
| iTV Environment | p. 39 |
| Conclusions | p. 41 |
| References | p. 42 |
| Types of Design Guidance for iTV Applications | p. 47 |
| Summary of Existing Design Guidance for iTV Applications | p. 47 |
| Classification | p. 47 |
| General Interaction Design Guidelines for iTV Applications | p. 48 |
| Broadcaster Style Guides for iTV Applications | p. 51 |
| Middleware Design Guidelines for iTV Applications | p. 51 |
| Comparison of Design Guidance Specifically for iTV | p. 52 |
| ISO 9241 and Interactive TV | p. 56 |
| ISO 14915 and Interactive TV | p. 60 |
| Design Principles and Interactive TV | p. 61 |
| Conclusions | p. 62 |
| Forms of Design Guidance | p. 63 |
| Classification | p. 63 |
| Analysis and Evaluation of the Different Forms | p. 67 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Interaction Design Patterns | p. 68 |
| Evaluation of Interaction Design Pattern Collections | p. 74 |
| Conclusions | p. 80 |
| References | p. 81 |
| User Tasks and Requirements for iTV Applications | p. 85 |
| Theory | p. 85 |
| Classification of Approaches to User Task Analysis | p. 85 |
| Scope of User Task Analysis | p. 86 |
| User Tasks and Requirements | p. 87 |
| Classification of Requirements | p. 87 |
| Methods for User Task and Requirements Analysis | p. 87 |
| The Method of Focus Groups | p. 88 |
| Applied Method | p. 89 |
| Participants | p. 89 |
| Introduction to iTV | p. 90 |
| Structure of the Focus Groups | p. 91 |
| Results | p. 92 |
| Content-Independent User Tasks and Requirements | p. 92 |
| Content-Specific User Tasks and Requirements | p. 94 |
| Conclusions | p. 97 |
| References | p. 98 |
| Design Pattern Collection for iTV | p. 99 |
| Framework for Interaction Design Patterns | p. 99 |
| Quality Criterion for Design Solutions | p. 100 |
| Identification of Design Problems | p. 100 |
| Discussion of Design Alternatives and Trade-Offs | p. 102 |
| Justification of Presented Solutions | p. 103 |
| Evaluation of the Documented Patterns | p. 103 |
| Conclusion | p. 104 |
| Overview of the Pattern Language | p. 105 |
| Interaction Design Patterns | p. 107 |
| Pattern Group A: Page Layout | p. 107 |
| Pattern Group B: Navigation | p. 112 |
| Pattern Group C: Remote Control Keys | p. 122 |
| Pattern Group D: Basic Functions | p. 128 |
| Pattern Group E: Content Presentation | p. 137 |
| Pattern Group F: User Participation | p. 145 |
| Pattern Group G: Text Input | p. 156 |
| Pattern Group H: Help | p. 164 |
| Pattern Group I: Accessibility & Personalisation | p. 167 |
| Pattern Group J: Specific User Groups | p. 172 |
| Conclusions | p. 173 |
| References | p. 173 |
| Method of Pattern Development | p. 177 |
| Requirements Analysis for iTV Design Guidance | p. 177 |
| Theory | p. 178 |
| Method | p. 178 |
| Interview Partners | p. 180 |
| Results | p. 181 |
| Conclusions | p. 185 |
| Hierarchy of iTV Interaction Design Problems | p. 185 |
| Method | p. 185 |
| Results | p. 186 |
| Conclusions | p. 192 |
| Design of iTV Prototypes | p. 192 |
| Theory | p. 193 |
| Method | p. 195 |
| Results | p. 196 |
| Conclusions | p. 200 |
| Usability Test Series | p. 201 |
| Theory | p. 201 |
| Method | p. 204 |
| Context of Use in the Tests | p. 212 |
| Analysis | p. 219 |
| Results of the Comparative Tests | p. 222 |
| Results of the Conventional Tests | p. 223 |
| Conclusions | p. 224 |
| Forming the Pattern Language | p. 225 |
| Hierarchical Structure of the Pattern Language | p. 225 |
| Design Pattern Templates | p. 227 |
| Evaluation of the Developed Patterns | p. 229 |
| Method | p. 230 |
| Results on the Pattern Content | p. 234 |
| Results on the Pattern Form | p. 238 |
| Conclusions | p. 241 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Conclusion | p. 247 |
| Summary | p. 247 |
| Discussion | p. 251 |
| Main Contributions | p. 253 |
| Future Research | p. 254 |
| References | p. 255 |
| Characteristics of Usability Test Participants | p. 257 |
| Quantitative Usability Test Result | p. 261 |
| Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group B: Navigation | p. 261 |
| Multiple Ways to Navigate (B1) | p. 261 |
| Menu (B2) | p. 262 |
| Video Multi-screen (B3) | p. 270 |
| Index (B4) | p. 273 |
| Tabs (B6) | p. 274 |
| Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group D: Basic Functions | p. 275 |
| Initial Call to Action (D1) | p. 275 |
| Starting (D2) | p. 279 |
| Loading Indication (D3) | p. 281 |
| Exiting (D4) | p. 285 |
| Hiding Application (D5) | p. 289 |
| Going One Level Up (D6) | p. 290 |
| Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group E: Content Presentation | p. 294 |
| Content Box (E2) | p. 294 |
| Paging (E3) | p. 302 |
| Scrolling (E4) | p. 305 |
| Switching Between Content Items (E5) | p. 306 |
| Synchronised Content (E6) | p. 311 |
| Quantitative Usability Test Results for Pattern Group F: User Participation | p. 313 |
| Multiple Ways of User Participation (F1) | p. 313 |
| Voting and Multiple-Choice Question (F2) | p. 314 |
| Allocation of Items (F3) | p. 319 |
| Text Completion (F4) | p. 320 |
| Approval for Connectivity (F5) | p. 320 |
| Usability Test Results for Pattern Group G: Text Input | p. 322 |
| Multiple Ways to Input Text (G1) | p. 322 |
| On-Screen QWERTY or Alphabetical Keyboard (G2) | p. 324 |
| Mobile Phone Keyboard (G3) | p. 325 |
| Usability Test Results for Pattern Group H: Help | p. 327 |
| On-Screen Instruction (H1) | p. 327 |
| Help Section (H2) | p. 329 |
| Usability Test Results for Pattern Group I: Accessibility and Personalisation | p. 332 |
| Accessibility (I1) | p. 332 |
| Personalisation (I2) | p. 333 |
| Usability Test Results for Pattern Group J: Specific User Groups | p. 335 |
| Children (J1) | p. 335 |
| Index | p. 339 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
