Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Acronyms xix
Notes on Editors and Contributors xxix
PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Modern Approaches to Radio Network Modelling and Planning 3
Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami
1.1 Historical aspects of radio network planning 3
1.2 Importance and limitations of modelling approaches 5
1.3 Manual versus automated planning 7
References 9
2 Introduction to the UTRA FDD Radio Interface 11
Peter Gould
2.1 Introduction to CDMA-based networks 11
2.2 The UTRA FDD air interface 15
2.2.1 Spreading codes 15
2.2.2 Common physical channels 20
2.2.3 Dedicated physical channels 27
2.3 UTRA FDD key mechanisms 29
2.3.1 Cell breathing and soft capacity 29
2.3.2 Interference and power control 31
2.3.3 Soft handover and compressed mode 32
2.4 Parameters that require planning 34
2.4.1 Signal path parameters 34
2.4.2 Power allocation 35
2.4.3 System settings 35
References 35
3 Spectrum and Service Aspects 37
Maciej J. Grzybkowski, Ziemowit Neyman and Marcin Ney
3.1 Spectrum aspects 37
3.1.1 Spectrum requirements for UMTS 38
3.1.2 Spectrum identified for UMTS 39
3.1.3 Frequency arrangements for the UMTS terrestrial component 39
3.1.4 Operator spectrum demands 45
3.2 Service features and characteristics 46
References 52
4 Trends for the Near Future 55
Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Systems yet to be deployed 56
4.2.1 UTRA TDD 56
4.2.2 TD-SCDMA 57
4.2.3 Satellite segment 58
4.3 Enhanced coverage 60
4.3.1 Ultra High Sites (UHS) 61
4.3.2 High Altitude Platform System (HAPS) 61
4.4 Enhanced capacity 61
4.4.1 Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS) 61
4.4.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 62
4.4.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 63
4.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) 64
4.5 Heterogeneous approaches 64
4.5.1 Wireless LANs 64
4.5.2 Wireless MANs (WiMAX) 65
4.6 Concluding Remarks 65
References 65
PART II MODELLING 67
5 Propagation Modelling 69
Kamil Staniec, Maciej J. Grzybkowski and Karsten Erlebach
5.1 Radio channels in wideband CDMA systems 69
5.1.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation 69
5.1.2 Wideband radio channel characterisation 73
5.1.3 Introduction to deterministic methods in modelling WCDMA systems 75
5.1.4 Deterministic methods: comparison of performance 79
5.2 Application of empirical and deterministic models in picocell planning 80
5.2.1 Techniques for indoor modelling 80
5.2.2 Techniques for outdoor-to-indoor modelling 82
5.3 Application of empirical and deterministic models in microcell planning 84
5.3.1 COST 231 Walfisch–Ikegami model 85
5.3.2 Manhattan model 87
5.3.3 Other microcellular propagation models 88
5.4 Application of empirical and deterministic models in macrocell planning 90
5.4.1 Modified Hata 90
5.4.2 Other models 91
5.5 Propagation models of interfering signals 94
5.5.1 ITU-R 1546 model 94
5.5.2 ITU-R 452 model 100
5.5.3 Statistics in the Modified Hata model 104
5.6 Radio propagation model calibration 105
5.6.1 Tuning algorithms 106
5.6.2 Single and multiple slope approaches 108
Appendix: Calculation of inverse complementary cumulative normal distribution function 110
References 111
6 Theoretical Models for UMTS Radio Networks 115
Hans-Florian Geerdes, Andreas Eisenblatter, Piotr M. S³obodzian, Mikio Iwamura, Mischa Dohler, Rafa³ Zdunek, Peter Gould and Maciej J. Nawrocki
6.1 Antenna modelling 115
6.1.1 Mobile terminal antenna modelling 117
6.1.2 Base station antenna modelling 118
6.2 Link level model 122
6.2.1 Relation to other models 123
6.2.2 Link level simulation chain 124
6.2.3 Link level receiver components 126
6.2.4 Link level receiver detectors 128
6.3 Capacity considerations 134
6.3.1 Capacity of a single cell system 134
6.3.2 Downlink power-limited capacity 134
6.3.3 Uplink power-limited capacity 137
6.4 Static system level model 139
6.4.1 Link level aspects 140
6.4.2 Propagation data 141
6.4.3 Equipment modelling 142
6.4.4 Transmit powers and power control 144
6.4.5 Services and user-specific properties 146
6.4.6 Soft handover 147
6.4.7 Complete model 148
6.4.8 Applications of a static system-level network model 149
6.4.9 Power control at cell level 152
6.4.10 Equation system solving 157
6.5 Dynamic system level model 161
6.5.1 Similarities and differences between static and dynamic models 161
6.5.2 Generic system model 162
6.5.3 Input/output parameters 164
6.5.4 Mobility models 164
6.5.5 Traffic models 165
6.5.6 Path loss models 167
6.5.7 Shadowing models 168
6.5.8 Modelling of small scale fading 169
6.5.9 SIR calculation 170
References 172
7 Business Modelling Goals and Methods 177
Marcin Ney
7.1 Business modelling goals 177
7.1.1 New business planning 177
7.1.2 Infrastructure development 178
7.1.3 Budgeting 179
7.2 Business modelling methods 179
7.2.1 Trends and statistical approach 180
7.2.2 Benchmarking and drivers 181
7.2.3 Detailed quantitative models 181
7.2.4 Other non-quantitative methods 182
References 183
PART III PLANNING 185
8 Fundamentals of Business Planning for Mobile Networks 187
Marcin Ney
8.1 Process description 187
8.1.1 Market analysis and forecasting 187
8.1.2 Modelling the system 189
8.1.3 Financial issues 190
8.1.4 Recommendations 190
8.2 Technical investment calculation 191
8.2.1 CAPEX calculation methods 191
8.2.2 OPEX calculation methods 196
8.2.3 The role of drivers: Sanity checking 197
8.3 Revenue and non-technical related investment calculation 198
8.3.1 Input parameters and assumptions 198
8.3.2 Revenue calculation methods 199
8.3.3 Non-technical related investments 199
8.4 Business planning results 199
8.4.1 Business plan output parameters 200
8.4.2 Business plan assessment methods 200
References 201
9 Fundamentals of Network Characteristics 203
Maciej J. Nawrocki
9.1 Power characteristics estimation 203
9.1.1 Distance to home base station dependency 203
9.1.2 Traffic load dependency 207
9.2 Network capacity considerations 210
9.2.1 Irregular base station distribution grid 210
9.2.2 Improper antenna azimuth arrangement 212
9.3 Required minimum network size for calculations 214
References 218
10 Fundamentals of Practical Radio Access Network Design 219
Ziemowit Neyman and Mischa Dohler
10.1 Introduction 219
10.2 Input parameters 222
10.2.1 Base station classification 222
10.2.2 Hardware parameters 222
10.2.3 Environmental specifics 229
10.2.4 Technology essentials 231
10.3 Network dimensioning 238
10.3.1 Coverage versus capacity 238
10.3.2 Cell coverage 239
10.3.3 Cell Erlang capacity 249
10.4 Detailed network planning 251
10.4.1 Site-to-site distance and antenna height 252
10.4.2 Site location 254
10.4.3 Sectorisation 256
10.4.4 Antenna and sector direction 259
10.4.5 Electrical and mechanical tilt 260
10.4.6 Temporal aspects in HCS 263
References 268
11 Compatibility of UMTS Systems 271
Maciej J. Grzybkowski
11.1 Scenarios of interference 272
11.1.1 Interference between UMTS and other systems 272
11.1.2 Intra-system interference 274
11.2 Approaches to compatibility calculations 275
11.2.1 Principles of compatibility calculations 275
11.2.2 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method 280
11.2.3 Monte Carlo (MC) method 283
11.2.4 Propagation models for compatibility calculations 284
11.2.5 Characteristics of UTRA stations for the compatibility calculations 286
11.3 Internal electromagnetic compatibility 286
11.4 External electromagnetic compatibility 292
11.4.1 UMTS TDD versus DECT WLL 292
11.4.2 Compatibility between UMTS and Radio Astronomy Service 294
11.4.3 Compatibility between UMTS and MMDS 295
11.5 International cross-border coordination 296
11.5.1 Principles of coordination 296
11.5.2 Propagation models for coordination calculations 297
11.5.3 Application of preferential frequencies 298
11.5.4 Use of preferential codes 300
11.5.5 Examples of coordination agreements 301
References 305
12 Network Design – Specialised Aspects 309
Marcin Ney, Peter Gould and Karsten Erlebach
12.1 Network infrastructure sharing 309
12.1.1 Network sharing methods 309
12.1.2 Legal aspects 313
12.1.3 Drivers for sharing 314
12.2 Adjacent channel interference control 315
12.3 Fundamentals of Ultra High Site deployment 318
References 320
PART IV OPTIMISATION 321
13 Introduction to Optimisation of the UMTS Radio Network 323
Roni Abiri and Maciej J. Nawrocki
13.1 Automation of radio network optimisation 324
13.2 What should be optimised and why? 325
13.3 How do we benchmark the optimisation results? 326
13.3.1 Location based information 327
13.3.2 Sectors and network statistical data 328
13.3.3 Cost and optimisation efforts 330
References 331
14 Theory of Automated Network Optimisation 333
Alexander Gerdenitsch, Andreas Eisenblatter, Hans-Florian Geerdes, Roni Abiri, Michael Livschitz, Ziemowit Neyman and Maciej J. Nawrocki
14.1 Introduction 333
14.1.1 From practice to optimisation models 334
14.1.2 Optimisation techniques 335
14.2 Optimisation parameters for static models 339
14.2.1 Site location and configuration 340
14.2.2 Antenna related parameter 340
14.2.3 CPICH power 344
14.3 Optimisation targets and objective function 345
14.3.1 Coverage 345
14.3.2 Capacity 346
14.3.3 Soft handover areas and pilot pollution 347
14.3.4 Cost of implementation 348
14.3.5 Combination and further possibilities 348
14.3.6 Additional practical and technical constraints 348
14.3.7 Example of objective function properties 349
14.4 Network optimisation with evolutionary algorithms 354
14.4.1 Genetic algorithms 355
14.4.2 Evolution strategies 357
14.4.3 Practical implementation of GA for tilt and CPICH 361
14.5 Optimisation without simulation 366
14.5.1 Geometry-based configuration methods 366
14.5.2 Coverage-driven approaches 368
14.5.3 Advanced models 369
14.5.4 Expected coupling matrices 372
14.6 Comparison and suitability of algorithms 373
14.6.1 General strategies 374
14.6.2 Discussion of methods 374
14.6.3 Combination of methods 375
References 375
15 Automatic Network Design 379
Roni Abiri, Ziemowit Neyman, Andreas Eisenblatter and Hans-Florian Geerdes
15.1 The key challenges in UMTS network optimisation 379
15.1.1 Problem definition 379
15.1.2 Matching UMTS coverage to GSM 380
15.1.3 Supporting high bit rate data services 381
15.1.4 Handling dual technology networks 382
15.2 Engineering case studies for network optimisation 382
15.2.1 Example network description 383
15.2.2 Pre-launched (unloaded) network optimisation 383
15.2.3 Loaded network optimisation 389
15.3 Case study: optimising base station location and parameters 395
15.3.1 Data setting 396
15.3.2 Optimisation approach 397
15.3.3 Results 399
15.3.4 Conclusions 402
References 403
16 Auto-tuning of RRM Parameters in UMTS Networks 405
Zwi Altman, Herve Dubreil, Ridha Nasri, Ouassim Ben Amor, Jean-Marc Picard, Vincent Diascorn and Maurice Clerc
16.1 Introduction 405
16.2 Radio resource management for controlling network quality 406
16.3 Auto-tuning of RRM parameters 408
16.3.1 Parameter selection for auto-tuning 408
16.3.2 Target selection for auto-tuning 410
16.3.3 Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) 410
16.3.4 Case study: Auto-tuning of macrodiversity 412
16.4 Optimisation strategies of the auto-tuning process 415
16.4.1 Off-line optimisation using Particle Swarm approach 416
16.4.2 On-line optimisation using reinforcement learning 421
16.5 Conclusions 425
Acknowledgement 425
References 425
17 UTRAN Transmission Infrastructure Planning and Optimisation 427
Karsten Erlebach, Zbigniew Joskiewicz and Marcin Ney
17.1 Introduction 427
17.1.1 Short UTRAN overview 428
17.1.2 Requirements for UTRAN transmission infrastructure 428
17.2 Protocol solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure 430
17.2.1 Main considerations for ATM layer protocols in current 3G networks 430
17.2.2 MPLS-architecture for future 3G transmissions 443
17.2.3 The path to direct IP transmission networking 444
17.3 End-to-end transmission dimensioning approach 446
17.3.1 Dimensioning of Node B throughput 446
17.3.2 Traffic dimensioning of the ATM network 451
17.3.3 Traffic dimensioning of the IP-Network 452
17.4 Network solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure 456
17.4.1 Leased lines 456
17.4.2 Point-to-point systems 457
17.4.3 Point-to-multipoint systems – LMDS 460
17.4.4 WiMAX as a potential UTRAN backhaul solution 468
17.5 Efficient use of WiMAX in UTRAN 472
17.5.1 Dimensioning of WiMAX for UTRAN infrastructure 472
17.5.2 Current WiMAX limitations 473
17.6 Cost-effective radio solution for UTRAN infrastructure 474
17.6.1 RF planning aspects 474
17.6.2 Throughput dimensioning 475
17.6.3 Methods of finding optimal LMDS network configurations 476
17.6.4 Costs evaluation of UTRAN infrastructure – software example 485
17.6.5 Example calculations and comparison of results 487
References 493
Concluding Remarks 497
Index 501
